Examining Melt Pond Dynamics and Light Availability in the Arctic Ocean via High Resolution Satellite Imagery

<p>As the Arctic experiences consequences of climate change, a shift from thicker, multi-year ice to thinner, first-year ice has been observed. First-year ice is prone to extensive pools of meltwater (“melt ponds”) forming on its surface, which enhance light transmission to the ocean. Changes in the timing and distribution of melt pond formation and associated increases in under-ice light availability are the primary drivers for seasonal progression of water column primary production and warming. Observations of melt pond development and distribution require meter scale resolution and have traditionally been limited to airborne images. However, recent advances in high spatial resolution satellites now allow for observations of individual melt ponds from space.</p> <p>Images of pack ice in the Chukchi Sea during 2018 obtained from WorldView satellite systems showed minimal melt pond coverage in June, with a rapid increase in late June, leading to saturated and flooded ice floes by mid-July. Cumulative hours above freezing (air temperature) was a stronger predictor for pond development than daily average values of temperature and irradiance and was well represented by a logistic growth curve.</p> <p>Size distributions (normalized to total pond area) of melt pond area was dominated by small (≤10 m²) ponds at the onset of ponding, shifting towards medium sized ponds (mode of 100 to 1,000 m²) as surface melt progressed. Late in the summer when ice flows were saturated with ponds, the distribution was skewed towards a handful of very large ponds nearing 1,000,000 m², connected by channels which created a myriad of complex shapes.</p> <p>A primary production model driven by under-ice light intensity estimated from our classified images revealed that initial small increases in melt pond fraction have a large impact on potential under-ice chlorophyll growth and carbon uptake, eventually trending towards a saturating upper limit as ponds continued to spread. Results shown here offer novel insights into melt pond growth and distribution, along with estimates of how ponding impacts primary production. These conclusions showcase physical, observable consequences of an Arctic Ocean dominated by thin, first-year ice, and can be employed to advise future efforts in Arctic modeling.</p>

Name thesis:degree_name

Master of Science (MS)

Level thesis:degree_level

Thesis

Discipline thesis:degree_discipline

Ocean & Earth Sciences

Year dc:date.available

2021

Author dc:creator

• Abbott, Austin Wesley

Contributors dc:contributor

• Victoria J. Hill
• Richard C. Zimmerman
• Sophie Clayton

• Arctic Ocean
• Chukchi Sea
• Melt ponds
• Primary production
• Remote sensing
• Satellites
• Biology
• Climate
• Geographic Information Sciences
• Optics

Statement dc:rights

• <p>In Copyright. URI: <a href="http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/">http://rightsstatements.org/vocab/InC/1.0/</a> This Item is protected by copyright and/or related rights. You are free to use this Item in any way that is permitted by the copyright and related rights legislation that applies to your use. For other uses you need to obtain permission from the rights-holder(s).</p>

Identifier

9798460433605

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:digitalcommons.odu.edu:oeas_etds-1180