In 1855, the town of Portsmouth, Virginia was devastated by an epidemic of yellow fever. Most citizens fled. Of those who remained, most became infected and a thousand died. The municipal government collapsed. In their place, a small organization known as the Portsmouth Relief Association assumed responsibility for ensuring the survival of the town. This organization managed the care of the sick, the burial of the dead, and the care of orphans. It was the sole agent receiving and allocating the funds and resources that poured into the community. Scarce food, drugs and other supplies were available only through the Association. Once the epidemic was over, the Association handed control back to the returning Common Council.
This dissertation examines the work of the Association using systems theory as described by Carter and Anderson. This theory describes individuals as being the center of ever-larger human populations (e.g., families, groups, organizations). Each population interacts with the individual, with each other and with the external environment. The context and the events of the epidemic are described. The analysis concentrates on the organizational element of the theory and uses additional sources concerning the nature of organizations to augment the theory.
","abstract_html":"<p>In 1855, the town of Portsmouth, Virginia was devastated by an epidemic of yellow fever. Most citizens fled. Of those who remained, most became infected and a thousand died. The municipal government collapsed. In their place, a small organization known as the Portsmouth Relief Association assumed responsibility for ensuring the survival of the town. This organization managed the care of the sick, the burial of the dead, and the care of orphans. It was the sole agent receiving and allocating the funds and resources that poured into the community. Scarce food, drugs and other supplies were available only through the Association. Once the epidemic was over, the Association handed control back to the returning Common Council.</p> <p>This dissertation examines the work of the Association using systems theory as described by Carter and Anderson. This theory describes individuals as being the center of ever-larger human populations (e.g., families, groups, organizations). Each population interacts with the individual, with each other and with the external environment. The context and the events of the epidemic are described. The analysis concentrates on the organizational element of the theory and uses additional sources concerning the nature of organizations to augment the theory.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Lundgren, Burden Susan"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Clare A. Houseman","Joyce Hoffman","George C. Maihafer"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2005,"date_issued":"2005-04-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2005-04-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:35:00Z","subjects":["Flavivirus","Virginia","Yellow fever","Epidemics","Public Health","United States History"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9780542360916"],"render_values":[{"text":"9780542360916","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/healthservices_etds/59","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Clare A. Houseman","Joyce Hoffman","George C. Maihafer"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Lundgren, Burden Susan"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-06-19T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Flavivirus","Virginia","Yellow fever","Epidemics","Public Health","United States History"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["9780542360916","https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/healthservices_etds/59"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["In 1855, the town of Portsmouth, Virginia was devastated by an epidemic of yellow fever. Most citizens fled. Of those who remained, most became infected and a thousand died. The municipal government collapsed. In their place, a small organization known as the Portsmouth Relief Association assumed responsibility for ensuring the survival of the town. This organization managed the care of the sick, the burial of the dead, and the care of orphans. It was the sole agent receiving and allocating the funds and resources that poured into the community. Scarce food, drugs and other supplies were available only through the Association. Once the epidemic was over, the Association handed control back to the returning Common Council.
This dissertation examines the work of the Association using systems theory as described by Carter and Anderson. This theory describes individuals as being the center of ever-larger human populations (e.g., families, groups, organizations). Each population interacts with the individual, with each other and with the external environment. The context and the events of the epidemic are described. The analysis concentrates on the organizational element of the theory and uses additional sources concerning the nature of organizations to augment the theory.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Great Pestilence: Yellow Fever in Portsmouth, Virginia, 1855"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Clare A. Houseman","Joyce Hoffman","George C. Maihafer"],"dc:creator":["Lundgren, Burden Susan"],"dc:date.available":["2019-06-19T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["In 1855, the town of Portsmouth, Virginia was devastated by an epidemic of yellow fever. Most citizens fled. Of those who remained, most became infected and a thousand died. The municipal government collapsed. In their place, a small organization known as the Portsmouth Relief Association assumed responsibility for ensuring the survival of the town. This organization managed the care of the sick, the burial of the dead, and the care of orphans. It was the sole agent receiving and allocating the funds and resources that poured into the community. Scarce food, drugs and other supplies were available only through the Association. Once the epidemic was over, the Association handed control back to the returning Common Council.
This dissertation examines the work of the Association using systems theory as described by Carter and Anderson. This theory describes individuals as being the center of ever-larger human populations (e.g., families, groups, organizations). Each population interacts with the individual, with each other and with the external environment. The context and the events of the epidemic are described. The analysis concentrates on the organizational element of the theory and uses additional sources concerning the nature of organizations to augment the theory.
"],"dc:identifier":["9780542360916","https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/healthservices_etds/59"],"dc:subject":["Flavivirus","Virginia","Yellow fever","Epidemics","Public Health","United States History"],"dc:title":["The Great Pestilence: Yellow Fever in Portsmouth, Virginia, 1855"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:35:00Z"}