{"id":{"repo_id":"nwu-za","oai_identifier":"oai:repository.nwu.ac.za:10394/4647"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/nwu-za/oai:repository.nwu.ac.za:10394/4647","repository":{"repo_id":"nwu-za","name":"North-West University (South Africa)","base_url":"https://repository.nwu.ac.za/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ–9) in an African context","abstract":"This research was aimed at validating the PHQ-9 in an African context. This study forms part of the project of Psychosocial Health and Biomarkers in an African context (FORT3, Wissing, 2008). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a nine-item depression scale that has the potential of being a dual-purpose instrument to establish the diagnosis of a depressive disorder, as well as the grade of symptom severity (Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001). The PHQ-9 was administered with criterion related measures to a multicultural convenience sample of 2214 participants from the North West Province of South Africa, including two groups of adolescents (n1 = 1480 and n2 = 559) and an availability sample of adults (n3 = 185). Instruments to determine criterion validity were the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), designed to detect symptoms of mental disorders; the Mental Health Continuum - Short Form for Adults (MHC-SF) which measures the degree of emotional, social and psychological well-being; and the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE) designed to measure an individual's general self-efficacy. Descriptive statistics for the PHQ-9 including its reliability in the various groups is reported. The PHQ-9 manifested a Cronbach Alph are liability index of 0.86. Criterion-related validity was supported by significant correlations between the PHQ-9 and criterion measures. Confirmatory factor analysis for the PHQ-9 yielded a one-factor solution in all groups. The percentage variance explained ranged between 34.71% and 46.62%. Exploratory factor analyses yielded two factors in all groups with the second factor comprised of no more than 2 items and thus interpreted as a minor factor. The construct validity obtained in this research indicates that the PHQ-9 may be a valid measure to identify depression in a South African context. Based on the psychometric properties found in this study, it can be concluded that the PHQ-9 is a valid measure of depression in two of the samples selected for this study. Future studies may further validate this instrument in specific language and cultural groups, and explore the cross-cultural measurement equivalence.","abstract_html":"This research was aimed at validating the PHQ-9 in an African context. This study forms part of the project of Psychosocial Health and Biomarkers in an African context (FORT3, Wissing, 2008). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a nine-item depression scale that has the potential of being a dual-purpose instrument to establish the diagnosis of a depressive disorder, as well as the grade of symptom severity (Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001). The PHQ-9 was administered with criterion related measures to a multicultural convenience sample of 2214 participants from the North West Province of South Africa, including two groups of adolescents (n1 = 1480 and n2 = 559) and an availability sample of adults (n3 = 185). Instruments to determine criterion validity were the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), designed to detect symptoms of mental disorders; the Mental Health Continuum - Short Form for Adults (MHC-SF) which measures the degree of emotional, social and psychological well-being; and the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE) designed to measure an individual's general self-efficacy. Descriptive statistics for the PHQ-9 including its reliability in the various groups is reported. The PHQ-9 manifested a Cronbach Alph are liability index of 0.86. Criterion-related validity was supported by significant correlations between the PHQ-9 and criterion measures. Confirmatory factor analysis for the PHQ-9 yielded a one-factor solution in all groups. The percentage variance explained ranged between 34.71% and 46.62%. Exploratory factor analyses yielded two factors in all groups with the second factor comprised of no more than 2 items and thus interpreted as a minor factor. The construct validity obtained in this research indicates that the PHQ-9 may be a valid measure to identify depression in a South African context. Based on the psychometric properties found in this study, it can be concluded that the PHQ-9 is a valid measure of depression in two of the samples selected for this study. Future studies may further validate this instrument in specific language and cultural groups, and explore the cross-cultural measurement equivalence.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Botha, Marguerite Nelise"],"institution":"North-West University","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Temane, Q.M.","Wissing, M.P."],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011","date_published":"2011","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:33:37Z","subjects":["Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)","Depression","Reliability","Validity","Factor analysis","Psychometric properties","South Africa","Depressie","Betroubaarheid","Geldigheid","Faktorontleding","Psigometriese kenmerke","Suid-Afrika"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4647","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Temane, Q.M.","Wissing, M.P."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Botha, Marguerite Nelise"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2011-09-06T08:23:20Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2011-09-06T08:23:20Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2011"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["North-West University"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)","Depression","Reliability","Validity","Factor analysis","Psychometric properties","South Africa","Depressie","Betroubaarheid","Geldigheid","Faktorontleding","Psigometriese kenmerke","Suid-Afrika"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4647"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011."]},{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["This research was aimed at validating the PHQ-9 in an African context. This study forms part of the project of Psychosocial Health and Biomarkers in an African context (FORT3, Wissing, 2008). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a nine-item depression scale that has the potential of being a dual-purpose instrument to establish the diagnosis of a depressive disorder, as well as the grade of symptom severity (Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001). The PHQ-9 was administered with criterion related measures to a multicultural convenience sample of 2214 participants from the North West Province of South Africa, including two groups of adolescents (n1 = 1480 and n2 = 559) and an availability sample of adults (n3 = 185). Instruments to determine criterion validity were the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), designed to detect symptoms of mental disorders; the Mental Health Continuum - Short Form for Adults (MHC-SF) which measures the degree of emotional, social and psychological well-being; and the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE) designed to measure an individual's general self-efficacy. Descriptive statistics for the PHQ-9 including its reliability in the various groups is reported. The PHQ-9 manifested a Cronbach Alph are liability index of 0.86. Criterion-related validity was supported by significant correlations between the PHQ-9 and criterion measures. Confirmatory factor analysis for the PHQ-9 yielded a one-factor solution in all groups. The percentage variance explained ranged between 34.71% and 46.62%. Exploratory factor analyses yielded two factors in all groups with the second factor comprised of no more than 2 items and thus interpreted as a minor factor. The construct validity obtained in this research indicates that the PHQ-9 may be a valid measure to identify depression in a South African context. Based on the psychometric properties found in this study, it can be concluded that the PHQ-9 is a valid measure of depression in two of the samples selected for this study. Future studies may further validate this instrument in specific language and cultural groups, and explore the cross-cultural measurement equivalence."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ–9) in an African context"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Temane, Q.M.","Wissing, M.P."],"dc:creator":["Botha, Marguerite Nelise"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2011-09-06T08:23:20Z"],"dc:date.available":["2011-09-06T08:23:20Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2011"],"dc:description":["Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011."],"dc:description.abstract":["This research was aimed at validating the PHQ-9 in an African context. This study forms part of the project of Psychosocial Health and Biomarkers in an African context (FORT3, Wissing, 2008). The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a nine-item depression scale that has the potential of being a dual-purpose instrument to establish the diagnosis of a depressive disorder, as well as the grade of symptom severity (Kroenke, Spitzer & Williams, 2001). The PHQ-9 was administered with criterion related measures to a multicultural convenience sample of 2214 participants from the North West Province of South Africa, including two groups of adolescents (n1 = 1480 and n2 = 559) and an availability sample of adults (n3 = 185). Instruments to determine criterion validity were the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), designed to detect symptoms of mental disorders; the Mental Health Continuum - Short Form for Adults (MHC-SF) which measures the degree of emotional, social and psychological well-being; and the New General Self-Efficacy Scale (NGSE) designed to measure an individual's general self-efficacy. Descriptive statistics for the PHQ-9 including its reliability in the various groups is reported. The PHQ-9 manifested a Cronbach Alph are liability index of 0.86. Criterion-related validity was supported by significant correlations between the PHQ-9 and criterion measures. Confirmatory factor analysis for the PHQ-9 yielded a one-factor solution in all groups. The percentage variance explained ranged between 34.71% and 46.62%. Exploratory factor analyses yielded two factors in all groups with the second factor comprised of no more than 2 items and thus interpreted as a minor factor. The construct validity obtained in this research indicates that the PHQ-9 may be a valid measure to identify depression in a South African context. Based on the psychometric properties found in this study, it can be concluded that the PHQ-9 is a valid measure of depression in two of the samples selected for this study. Future studies may further validate this instrument in specific language and cultural groups, and explore the cross-cultural measurement equivalence."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4647"],"dc:publisher":["North-West University"],"dc:subject":["Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)","Depression","Reliability","Validity","Factor analysis","Psychometric properties","South Africa","Depressie","Betroubaarheid","Geldigheid","Faktorontleding","Psigometriese kenmerke","Suid-Afrika"],"dc:title":["Validation of the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ–9) in an African context"],"dc:type":["Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:33:37Z"}