Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and often serious disorder that can impair a person’s ability to function and live a normal life. The current first line treatments for OCD are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or a combination of these treatments. Despite medical advancements, current treatments are not effective for a large percentage (~33%) of people and often have a delayed onset of 8 to 12 weeks. The inability to effectively help those who suffer from OCD has led researchers to investigate novel therapeutic drugs, like ketamine, for treatment. The current study examined the effects of R/S-ketamine, S-ketamine, R-ketamine and (2R, 6R)-Hydroxynorketamine ((2R, 6R)-HNK) using the marble burying test, a model to assess anti-compulsive effects of drugs, and the novel suppressed feeding test, a model to assess the antidepressant-like effects of drugs. Further, tests were conducted 0.5 and 72 hours after administration to assess the short-acting and potentially long-lasting effects of these compounds. The current study found that S-ketamine decreased marble burying 0.5 hours after administration at both 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg doses in the MBT. R-ketamine also created significant decreases in marble burying at a 10 mg/kg dose 0.5 hours after administration. In the NSFT, a 10 mg/kg dose of R-ketamine produced a significant reduction in latency to feed in ANOVA analyses but not in Kaplan-Meier survival curve analyses. Our results suggest that both S-ketamine and R-ketamine may function as rapid but short lasting anti-compulsive compounds.
","abstract_html":"<p>Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and often serious disorder that can impair a person’s ability to function and live a normal life. The current first line treatments for OCD are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or a combination of these treatments. Despite medical advancements, current treatments are not effective for a large percentage (~33%) of people and often have a delayed onset of 8 to 12 weeks. The inability to effectively help those who suffer from OCD has led researchers to investigate novel therapeutic drugs, like ketamine, for treatment. The current study examined the effects of R/S-ketamine, S-ketamine, R-ketamine and (2<em>R</em>, 6<em>R</em>)-Hydroxynorketamine ((2R, 6R)-HNK) using the marble burying test, a model to assess anti-compulsive effects of drugs, and the novel suppressed feeding test, a model to assess the antidepressant-like effects of drugs. Further, tests were conducted 0.5 and 72 hours after administration to assess the short-acting and potentially long-lasting effects of these compounds. The current study found that S-ketamine decreased marble burying 0.5 hours after administration at both 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg doses in the MBT. R-ketamine also created significant decreases in marble burying at a 10 mg/kg dose 0.5 hours after administration. In the NSFT, a 10 mg/kg dose of R-ketamine produced a significant reduction in latency to feed in ANOVA analyses but not in Kaplan-Meier survival curve analyses. Our results suggest that both S-ketamine and R-ketamine may function as rapid but short lasting anti-compulsive compounds. </p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Walstrom, Joseph"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychological Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dr. Adam Prus"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2026,"date_issued":"2026-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2026-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:24:38Z","subjects":["ketamine","obsessive-compulsive disorder","marble burying","novel suppressed feeding","s-ketamine","r-ketamine","(2R","6R)-HNK","Experimental Analysis of Behavior","Other Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/924","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dr. Adam Prus"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Walstrom, Joseph"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2031-04-01T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychological Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["ketamine","obsessive-compulsive disorder","marble burying","novel suppressed feeding","s-ketamine","r-ketamine","(2R","6R)-HNK","Experimental Analysis of Behavior","Other Psychology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/924"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and often serious disorder that can impair a person’s ability to function and live a normal life. The current first line treatments for OCD are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or a combination of these treatments. Despite medical advancements, current treatments are not effective for a large percentage (~33%) of people and often have a delayed onset of 8 to 12 weeks. The inability to effectively help those who suffer from OCD has led researchers to investigate novel therapeutic drugs, like ketamine, for treatment. The current study examined the effects of R/S-ketamine, S-ketamine, R-ketamine and (2R, 6R)-Hydroxynorketamine ((2R, 6R)-HNK) using the marble burying test, a model to assess anti-compulsive effects of drugs, and the novel suppressed feeding test, a model to assess the antidepressant-like effects of drugs. Further, tests were conducted 0.5 and 72 hours after administration to assess the short-acting and potentially long-lasting effects of these compounds. The current study found that S-ketamine decreased marble burying 0.5 hours after administration at both 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg doses in the MBT. R-ketamine also created significant decreases in marble burying at a 10 mg/kg dose 0.5 hours after administration. In the NSFT, a 10 mg/kg dose of R-ketamine produced a significant reduction in latency to feed in ANOVA analyses but not in Kaplan-Meier survival curve analyses. Our results suggest that both S-ketamine and R-ketamine may function as rapid but short lasting anti-compulsive compounds.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF KETAMINE AND ITS ENANTIOMERS ON COMPULSIVE-LIKE AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Dr. Adam Prus"],"dc:creator":["Walstrom, Joseph"],"dc:date.available":["2031-04-01T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a common and often serious disorder that can impair a person’s ability to function and live a normal life. The current first line treatments for OCD are serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs), cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), or a combination of these treatments. Despite medical advancements, current treatments are not effective for a large percentage (~33%) of people and often have a delayed onset of 8 to 12 weeks. The inability to effectively help those who suffer from OCD has led researchers to investigate novel therapeutic drugs, like ketamine, for treatment. The current study examined the effects of R/S-ketamine, S-ketamine, R-ketamine and (2R, 6R)-Hydroxynorketamine ((2R, 6R)-HNK) using the marble burying test, a model to assess anti-compulsive effects of drugs, and the novel suppressed feeding test, a model to assess the antidepressant-like effects of drugs. Further, tests were conducted 0.5 and 72 hours after administration to assess the short-acting and potentially long-lasting effects of these compounds. The current study found that S-ketamine decreased marble burying 0.5 hours after administration at both 10 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg doses in the MBT. R-ketamine also created significant decreases in marble burying at a 10 mg/kg dose 0.5 hours after administration. In the NSFT, a 10 mg/kg dose of R-ketamine produced a significant reduction in latency to feed in ANOVA analyses but not in Kaplan-Meier survival curve analyses. Our results suggest that both S-ketamine and R-ketamine may function as rapid but short lasting anti-compulsive compounds.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/924"],"dc:subject":["ketamine","obsessive-compulsive disorder","marble burying","novel suppressed feeding","s-ketamine","r-ketamine","(2R","6R)-HNK","Experimental Analysis of Behavior","Other Psychology"],"dc:title":["ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF KETAMINE AND ITS ENANTIOMERS ON COMPULSIVE-LIKE AND DEPRESSIVE-LIKE BEHAVIOR"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychological Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:24:38Z"}