Compulsive disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), are often treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs typically express many pharmacological effects through inhibiting serotonin (5-HT) transporters; however, due to delayed and inadequate treatment effects, other treatment methods should be pursued. Alternative drug treatments acting on glutamate, NMDA receptors, and sigma-1, instead of serotonin, may be effective in treating OCD. One drug in particular, dextromethorphan (DM), provides antidepressant-like effects by possibly inhibiting glutamate and activating sigma-1 receptors. Common preclinical approaches for screening experimental OCD drugs include the marble-burying test (MBT) for compulsive behavior, in addition to the assessment of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Therefore, to test the role of DM, a sigma-1 compound, glutamate NMDA antagonist, and DM metabolite-dextrorphan were used in both MBT and a neurite outgrowth assay. Marble burying data revealed a significant decrease in marbles buried upon both high and low doses of fluvoxamine administration. High doses of DM and DXT resulted in a significant decrease in marbles buried. A significant decrease in pathlength was not observed with each compound indicating therapeutic effects. The percentage of total cells and neurites did not display significant effects. Significant reversal effects with BD-1047 were not observed in both models. Therefore, sigma-1 should be further investigated to further understand receptor function.
","abstract_html":"<p>Compulsive disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), are often treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs typically express many pharmacological effects through inhibiting serotonin (5-HT) transporters; however, due to delayed and inadequate treatment effects, other treatment methods should be pursued. Alternative drug treatments acting on glutamate, NMDA receptors, and sigma-1, instead of serotonin, may be effective in treating OCD. One drug in particular, dextromethorphan (DM), provides antidepressant-like effects by possibly inhibiting glutamate and activating sigma-1 receptors. Common preclinical approaches for screening experimental OCD drugs include the marble-burying test (MBT) for compulsive behavior, in addition to the assessment of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Therefore, to test the role of DM, a sigma-1 compound, glutamate NMDA antagonist, and DM metabolite-dextrorphan were used in both MBT and a neurite outgrowth assay. Marble burying data revealed a significant decrease in marbles buried upon both high and low doses of fluvoxamine administration. High doses of DM and DXT resulted in a significant decrease in marbles buried. A significant decrease in pathlength was not observed with each compound indicating therapeutic effects. The percentage of total cells and neurites did not display significant effects. Significant reversal effects with BD-1047 were not observed in both models. Therefore, sigma-1 should be further investigated to further understand receptor function.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Dalton, Alexia"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychological Science","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Adam Prus"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2024,"date_issued":"2024-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2024-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:24:36Z","subjects":["Dextromethorphan","marble burying","sigma-1","pc-12","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/845","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Adam Prus"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Dalton, Alexia"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2029-04-03T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychological Science"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Dextromethorphan","marble burying","sigma-1","pc-12","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/845"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Compulsive disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), are often treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs typically express many pharmacological effects through inhibiting serotonin (5-HT) transporters; however, due to delayed and inadequate treatment effects, other treatment methods should be pursued. Alternative drug treatments acting on glutamate, NMDA receptors, and sigma-1, instead of serotonin, may be effective in treating OCD. One drug in particular, dextromethorphan (DM), provides antidepressant-like effects by possibly inhibiting glutamate and activating sigma-1 receptors. Common preclinical approaches for screening experimental OCD drugs include the marble-burying test (MBT) for compulsive behavior, in addition to the assessment of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Therefore, to test the role of DM, a sigma-1 compound, glutamate NMDA antagonist, and DM metabolite-dextrorphan were used in both MBT and a neurite outgrowth assay. Marble burying data revealed a significant decrease in marbles buried upon both high and low doses of fluvoxamine administration. High doses of DM and DXT resulted in a significant decrease in marbles buried. A significant decrease in pathlength was not observed with each compound indicating therapeutic effects. The percentage of total cells and neurites did not display significant effects. Significant reversal effects with BD-1047 were not observed in both models. Therefore, sigma-1 should be further investigated to further understand receptor function.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Effects of Dextromethorphan on Neurite Outgrowth and Marble Burying Behavior"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Adam Prus"],"dc:creator":["Dalton, Alexia"],"dc:date.available":["2029-04-03T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Compulsive disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), are often treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs typically express many pharmacological effects through inhibiting serotonin (5-HT) transporters; however, due to delayed and inadequate treatment effects, other treatment methods should be pursued. Alternative drug treatments acting on glutamate, NMDA receptors, and sigma-1, instead of serotonin, may be effective in treating OCD. One drug in particular, dextromethorphan (DM), provides antidepressant-like effects by possibly inhibiting glutamate and activating sigma-1 receptors. Common preclinical approaches for screening experimental OCD drugs include the marble-burying test (MBT) for compulsive behavior, in addition to the assessment of neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Therefore, to test the role of DM, a sigma-1 compound, glutamate NMDA antagonist, and DM metabolite-dextrorphan were used in both MBT and a neurite outgrowth assay. Marble burying data revealed a significant decrease in marbles buried upon both high and low doses of fluvoxamine administration. High doses of DM and DXT resulted in a significant decrease in marbles buried. A significant decrease in pathlength was not observed with each compound indicating therapeutic effects. The percentage of total cells and neurites did not display significant effects. Significant reversal effects with BD-1047 were not observed in both models. Therefore, sigma-1 should be further investigated to further understand receptor function.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/845"],"dc:subject":["Dextromethorphan","marble burying","sigma-1","pc-12","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences"],"dc:title":["Effects of Dextromethorphan on Neurite Outgrowth and Marble Burying Behavior"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychological Science"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:24:36Z"}