I investigated biogeochemical connections between woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) herbivory, vegetation, soil fertility, and soil carbon cycling on the Slate Islands Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada. Woodland caribou are threatened in Ontario, and the caribou population on the Slate Islands has declined steeply since 2015. Northern Michigan University (NMU) and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF) ecologists established caribou and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) exclosures on the islands in 2006, and have routinely monitored the vegetation to study the effects of limiting herbivory.
This study explores the implications of limiting herbivory on soil fertility, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and CO2 respiration by using NMU/OMNRF exclosures. Spatial variability in soils is a major source of variation and was accounted for in the study design, which consisted of three sets of three co-located, randomized (3.65 x 3.65 m) control plots, caribou/snowshoe hare exclosures, and caribou-only exclosures. Significantly larger levels of soil phosphorus (ppm), CEC (meq 100 g-1), C:N ratios; soil CO2 (g m-2 d-1) respiration; total carbon stocks (Mg C ha -1), and total nitrogen stocks (Mg N ha -1) were detected in reference soils without at least 100 years of caribou herbivory pressures on a contained island ecosystem. After 12 years of exclosure, vegetation strongly recovered, but soil did not recover in that time frame.
","abstract_html":"<p>I investigated biogeochemical connections between woodland caribou (<em>Rangifer </em><em>tarandus caribou</em>) herbivory, vegetation, soil fertility, and soil carbon cycling on the Slate Islands Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada. Woodland caribou are threatened in Ontario, and the caribou population on the Slate Islands has declined steeply since 2015. Northern Michigan University (NMU) and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF) ecologists established caribou and snowshoe hare (<em>Lepus americanus</em>) exclosures on the islands in 2006, and have routinely monitored the vegetation to study the effects of limiting herbivory.</p> <p>This study explores the implications of limiting herbivory on soil fertility, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and CO<sub>2</sub> respiration by using NMU/OMNRF exclosures. Spatial variability in soils is a major source of variation and was accounted for in the study design, which consisted of three sets of three co-located, randomized (3.65 x 3.65 m) control plots, caribou/snowshoe hare exclosures, and caribou-only exclosures. Significantly larger levels of soil phosphorus (ppm), CEC (meq 100 g<sup>-1</sup>), C:N ratios; soil CO<sub>2</sub> (g m<sup>-2</sup> d<sup>-1</sup>) respiration; total carbon stocks (Mg C ha <sup>-1</sup>), and total nitrogen stocks (Mg N ha <sup>-1</sup>) were detected in reference soils without at least 100 years of caribou herbivory pressures on a contained island ecosystem. After 12 years of exclosure, vegetation strongly recovered, but soil did not recover in that time frame. </p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Kantola, Melinda"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Biology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dr. Alan Rebertus"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2020,"date_issued":"2020-04-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2020-04-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:24:17Z","subjects":["herbivory","Ontario","Canada","ungulates","soil","carbon cycling","carbon dioxide","vegetative ground cover","soil fertility","woodland caribou","Integrative Biology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/622","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dr. Alan Rebertus"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Kantola, Melinda"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2025-04-17T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Biology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["herbivory","Ontario","Canada","ungulates","soil","carbon cycling","carbon dioxide","vegetative ground cover","soil fertility","woodland caribou","Integrative Biology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/622"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["I investigated biogeochemical connections between woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) herbivory, vegetation, soil fertility, and soil carbon cycling on the Slate Islands Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada. Woodland caribou are threatened in Ontario, and the caribou population on the Slate Islands has declined steeply since 2015. Northern Michigan University (NMU) and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF) ecologists established caribou and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) exclosures on the islands in 2006, and have routinely monitored the vegetation to study the effects of limiting herbivory.
This study explores the implications of limiting herbivory on soil fertility, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and CO2 respiration by using NMU/OMNRF exclosures. Spatial variability in soils is a major source of variation and was accounted for in the study design, which consisted of three sets of three co-located, randomized (3.65 x 3.65 m) control plots, caribou/snowshoe hare exclosures, and caribou-only exclosures. Significantly larger levels of soil phosphorus (ppm), CEC (meq 100 g-1), C:N ratios; soil CO2 (g m-2 d-1) respiration; total carbon stocks (Mg C ha -1), and total nitrogen stocks (Mg N ha -1) were detected in reference soils without at least 100 years of caribou herbivory pressures on a contained island ecosystem. After 12 years of exclosure, vegetation strongly recovered, but soil did not recover in that time frame.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOODLAND CARIBOU, SOIL CARBON CYCLING AND SOIL FERTILITY ON THE SLATE ISLANDS ARCHIPELAGO IN ONTARIO, CANADA"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Dr. Alan Rebertus"],"dc:creator":["Kantola, Melinda"],"dc:date.available":["2025-04-17T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["I investigated biogeochemical connections between woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) herbivory, vegetation, soil fertility, and soil carbon cycling on the Slate Islands Provincial Park in Ontario, Canada. Woodland caribou are threatened in Ontario, and the caribou population on the Slate Islands has declined steeply since 2015. Northern Michigan University (NMU) and Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry (OMNRF) ecologists established caribou and snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) exclosures on the islands in 2006, and have routinely monitored the vegetation to study the effects of limiting herbivory.
This study explores the implications of limiting herbivory on soil fertility, carbon and nitrogen stocks, and CO2 respiration by using NMU/OMNRF exclosures. Spatial variability in soils is a major source of variation and was accounted for in the study design, which consisted of three sets of three co-located, randomized (3.65 x 3.65 m) control plots, caribou/snowshoe hare exclosures, and caribou-only exclosures. Significantly larger levels of soil phosphorus (ppm), CEC (meq 100 g-1), C:N ratios; soil CO2 (g m-2 d-1) respiration; total carbon stocks (Mg C ha -1), and total nitrogen stocks (Mg N ha -1) were detected in reference soils without at least 100 years of caribou herbivory pressures on a contained island ecosystem. After 12 years of exclosure, vegetation strongly recovered, but soil did not recover in that time frame.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/622"],"dc:subject":["herbivory","Ontario","Canada","ungulates","soil","carbon cycling","carbon dioxide","vegetative ground cover","soil fertility","woodland caribou","Integrative Biology"],"dc:title":["THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WOODLAND CARIBOU, SOIL CARBON CYCLING AND SOIL FERTILITY ON THE SLATE ISLANDS ARCHIPELAGO IN ONTARIO, CANADA"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Biology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:24:17Z"}