ABSTRACT
STUDENT ATHLETES’ PERCEPTION OF SMARTPHONE USE AND ITS EFFECTS ON SLEEP QUALITY, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION
By
Alexis Schaefer
This study investigated the perception of smartphone use and its perceived effects on sleep quality, depression, and anxiety among NCAA collegiate student athletes (SA). One hundred and ninety one Northern Michigan University SA’s completed an online questionnaire consisting of original content and select components from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). Pearson product moment correlations examined relationships between demographic information and perception questions. Correlations examined relationships between perception questions and the corresponding health based questionnaire (i.e. “Do you believe your smartphone use has increased or decreased your feelings of anxiety” and the GAD-7). Results indicated that there was a moderate correlation (r=0.513) between the perception of smartphone use increasing depression and the perception of smartphone use increasing anxiety. In conclusion, excessive smartphone use, specifically pre-bedtime smartphone use is a stressor that negatively affects sleep. While this technological device continues to evolve and become increasingly present in all aspects of human life, the chances of negative consequences also continue to increase. Athletes must gain a deeper understanding of healthy sleep and how it can be optimized for maximal performance.
","abstract_html":"<p>ABSTRACT</p> <p>STUDENT ATHLETES’ PERCEPTION OF SMARTPHONE USE AND ITS EFFECTS ON SLEEP QUALITY, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION</p> <p>By</p> <p>Alexis Schaefer</p> <p>This study investigated the perception of smartphone use and its perceived effects on sleep quality, depression, and anxiety among NCAA collegiate student athletes (SA). One hundred and ninety one Northern Michigan University SA’s completed an online questionnaire consisting of original content and select components from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). Pearson product moment correlations examined relationships between demographic information and perception questions. Correlations examined relationships between perception questions and the corresponding health based questionnaire (i.e. “Do you believe your smartphone use has increased or decreased your feelings of anxiety” and the GAD-7). Results indicated that there was a moderate correlation (r=0.513) between the perception of smartphone use increasing depression and the perception of smartphone use increasing anxiety. In conclusion, excessive smartphone use, specifically pre-bedtime smartphone use is a stressor that negatively affects sleep. While this technological device continues to evolve and become increasingly present in all aspects of human life, the chances of negative consequences also continue to increase. Athletes must gain a deeper understanding of healthy sleep and how it can be optimized for maximal performance.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Schaefer, Alexis"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Health and Human Performance","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dr. Marguerite Moore"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018-06-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2018-06-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:24:12Z","subjects":["Student Athletes","Smartphones","Sleep Quality","Depression","Anxiety","Health Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/558","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dr. Marguerite Moore"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Schaefer, Alexis"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-03-14T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Health and Human Performance"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Student Athletes","Smartphones","Sleep Quality","Depression","Anxiety","Health Psychology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/558"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["ABSTRACT
STUDENT ATHLETES’ PERCEPTION OF SMARTPHONE USE AND ITS EFFECTS ON SLEEP QUALITY, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION
By
Alexis Schaefer
This study investigated the perception of smartphone use and its perceived effects on sleep quality, depression, and anxiety among NCAA collegiate student athletes (SA). One hundred and ninety one Northern Michigan University SA’s completed an online questionnaire consisting of original content and select components from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). Pearson product moment correlations examined relationships between demographic information and perception questions. Correlations examined relationships between perception questions and the corresponding health based questionnaire (i.e. “Do you believe your smartphone use has increased or decreased your feelings of anxiety” and the GAD-7). Results indicated that there was a moderate correlation (r=0.513) between the perception of smartphone use increasing depression and the perception of smartphone use increasing anxiety. In conclusion, excessive smartphone use, specifically pre-bedtime smartphone use is a stressor that negatively affects sleep. While this technological device continues to evolve and become increasingly present in all aspects of human life, the chances of negative consequences also continue to increase. Athletes must gain a deeper understanding of healthy sleep and how it can be optimized for maximal performance.
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STUDENT ATHLETES’ PERCEPTION OF SMARTPHONE USE AND ITS EFFECTS ON SLEEP QUALITY, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION
By
Alexis Schaefer
This study investigated the perception of smartphone use and its perceived effects on sleep quality, depression, and anxiety among NCAA collegiate student athletes (SA). One hundred and ninety one Northern Michigan University SA’s completed an online questionnaire consisting of original content and select components from the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and the Mobile Phone Problem Use Scale (MPPUS). Pearson product moment correlations examined relationships between demographic information and perception questions. Correlations examined relationships between perception questions and the corresponding health based questionnaire (i.e. “Do you believe your smartphone use has increased or decreased your feelings of anxiety” and the GAD-7). Results indicated that there was a moderate correlation (r=0.513) between the perception of smartphone use increasing depression and the perception of smartphone use increasing anxiety. In conclusion, excessive smartphone use, specifically pre-bedtime smartphone use is a stressor that negatively affects sleep. While this technological device continues to evolve and become increasingly present in all aspects of human life, the chances of negative consequences also continue to increase. Athletes must gain a deeper understanding of healthy sleep and how it can be optimized for maximal performance.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://commons.nmu.edu/theses/558"],"dc:subject":["Student Athletes","Smartphones","Sleep Quality","Depression","Anxiety","Health Psychology"],"dc:title":["STUDENT ATHLETES' PERCEPTION OF SMARTPHONE USE AND ITS EFFECTS ON SLEEP QUALITY, ANXIETY, AND DEPRESSION"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Health and Human Performance"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:24:12Z"}