{"id":{"repo_id":"njit","oai_identifier":"oai:digitalcommons.njit.edu:theses-1205"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/njit/oai:digitalcommons.njit.edu:theses-1205","repository":{"repo_id":"njit","name":"NJIT","base_url":"https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Experimental determination of the mixing requirements for solid suspension in pharmaceutical stirred tank reactors","abstract":"Glass and glass-lined, stirred-tank reactors are of significant importance in the pharmaceutical and related industries. Because of fabrication issues, a retreat blade impeller (RBI) with a low impeller clearance off the tank bottom is commonly used in glass-lined reactors, typically combined with a single baffle (providing only partial baffling conditions) mounted from the top of the reactor. In addition, these reactors are often provided with a torispherical bottom. Other configurations are also used, including full baffling or no baffles at all, hemispherical bottoms, and different impeller types. Despite their common use, some of the most important mixing characteristics of this type of reactor have not been fully studied, such as the minimum impeller agitation speed, N_{js}, to just suspend finely divided solids. In this work, N_{js} was experimentally obtained for a number of different pharmaceutically-relevant agitation systems including vessels with different types of bottoms (torispherical or hemispherical), impeller types (RBI, disk turbine, 4-blade and 6-blade pitched-blade turbine), baffling conditions (fully baffled, partially baffled, and unbaffled tanks), impeller clearance off the tank bottom, and solid particle size. The power dissipated by the impeller was also measured. A novel experimental approach to determine N_{js} was developed here. This approach consists of experimentally measuring the size of the circular region of the tank bottom covered by the solids at increasing values of the agitation speed, N, plotting N vs. the size of this region (expressed as either the region's diameter D_s or its area A_s), and linearly regressing the data to obtain N_{js} as the limit of the N value for D_s or A_s going to zero. The N_{js} results obtained with the new approach were compared with those obtained using the traditional Zwietering's approach, visually requiring that the solids do not rest on the tank bottom for more than 1-2 seconds. Excellent agreement was found between the results obtained using the novel approach and those obtained using Zwietering's method. The novel method proposed here completely eliminates the observer's bias from the experimental determination of N_{js}. The results obtained here show that N_{js} is a strong function of most of the variables listed above, and especially the baffling type.","abstract_html":"Glass and glass-lined, stirred-tank reactors are of significant importance in the pharmaceutical and related industries. Because of fabrication issues, a retreat blade impeller (RBI) with a low impeller clearance off the tank bottom is commonly used in glass-lined reactors, typically combined with a single baffle (providing only partial baffling conditions) mounted from the top of the reactor. In addition, these reactors are often provided with a torispherical bottom. Other configurations are also used, including full baffling or no baffles at all, hemispherical bottoms, and different impeller types. Despite their common use, some of the most important mixing characteristics of this type of reactor have not been fully studied, such as the minimum impeller agitation speed, N_{js}, to just suspend finely divided solids. In this work, N_{js} was experimentally obtained for a number of different pharmaceutically-relevant agitation systems including vessels with different types of bottoms (torispherical or hemispherical), impeller types (RBI, disk turbine, 4-blade and 6-blade pitched-blade turbine), baffling conditions (fully baffled, partially baffled, and unbaffled tanks), impeller clearance off the tank bottom, and solid particle size. The power dissipated by the impeller was also measured. A novel experimental approach to determine N_{js} was developed here. This approach consists of experimentally measuring the size of the circular region of the tank bottom covered by the solids at increasing values of the agitation speed, N, plotting N vs. the size of this region (expressed as either the region's diameter D_s or its area A_s), and linearly regressing the data to obtain N_{js} as the limit of the N value for D_s or A_s going to zero. The N_{js} results obtained with the new approach were compared with those obtained using the traditional Zwietering's approach, visually requiring that the solids do not rest on the tank bottom for more than 1-2 seconds. Excellent agreement was found between the results obtained using the novel approach and those obtained using Zwietering's method. The novel method proposed here completely eliminates the observer's bias from the experimental determination of N_{js}. The results obtained here show that N_{js} is a strong function of most of the variables listed above, and especially the baffling type.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Zhou, Anqi"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Engineering - (M.S.)","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":"Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Piero M. Armenante","Laurent Simon","Xianqin Wang"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2014,"date_issued":"2014-05-31T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2014-05-31T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:22:26Z","subjects":["Retreat blade impeller","Agitation systems","Chemical Engineering","Pharmaceutics and Drug Design"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/theses/206","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Piero M. Armenante","Laurent Simon","Xianqin Wang"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Zhou, Anqi"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Engineering - (M.S.)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Retreat blade impeller","Agitation systems","Chemical Engineering","Pharmaceutics and Drug Design"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/theses/206"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Glass and glass-lined, stirred-tank reactors are of significant importance in the pharmaceutical and related industries. Because of fabrication issues, a retreat blade impeller (RBI) with a low impeller clearance off the tank bottom is commonly used in glass-lined reactors, typically combined with a single baffle (providing only partial baffling conditions) mounted from the top of the reactor. In addition, these reactors are often provided with a torispherical bottom. Other configurations are also used, including full baffling or no baffles at all, hemispherical bottoms, and different impeller types. Despite their common use, some of the most important mixing characteristics of this type of reactor have not been fully studied, such as the minimum impeller agitation speed, N_{js}, to just suspend finely divided solids. In this work, N_{js} was experimentally obtained for a number of different pharmaceutically-relevant agitation systems including vessels with different types of bottoms (torispherical or hemispherical), impeller types (RBI, disk turbine, 4-blade and 6-blade pitched-blade turbine), baffling conditions (fully baffled, partially baffled, and unbaffled tanks), impeller clearance off the tank bottom, and solid particle size. The power dissipated by the impeller was also measured. A novel experimental approach to determine N_{js} was developed here. This approach consists of experimentally measuring the size of the circular region of the tank bottom covered by the solids at increasing values of the agitation speed, N, plotting N vs. the size of this region (expressed as either the region's diameter D_s or its area A_s), and linearly regressing the data to obtain N_{js} as the limit of the N value for D_s or A_s going to zero. The N_{js} results obtained with the new approach were compared with those obtained using the traditional Zwietering's approach, visually requiring that the solids do not rest on the tank bottom for more than 1-2 seconds. Excellent agreement was found between the results obtained using the novel approach and those obtained using Zwietering's method. The novel method proposed here completely eliminates the observer's bias from the experimental determination of N_{js}. The results obtained here show that N_{js} is a strong function of most of the variables listed above, and especially the baffling type."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Experimental determination of the mixing requirements for solid suspension in pharmaceutical stirred tank reactors"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Piero M. Armenante","Laurent Simon","Xianqin Wang"],"dc:creator":["Zhou, Anqi"],"dc:description.abstract":["Glass and glass-lined, stirred-tank reactors are of significant importance in the pharmaceutical and related industries. Because of fabrication issues, a retreat blade impeller (RBI) with a low impeller clearance off the tank bottom is commonly used in glass-lined reactors, typically combined with a single baffle (providing only partial baffling conditions) mounted from the top of the reactor. In addition, these reactors are often provided with a torispherical bottom. Other configurations are also used, including full baffling or no baffles at all, hemispherical bottoms, and different impeller types. Despite their common use, some of the most important mixing characteristics of this type of reactor have not been fully studied, such as the minimum impeller agitation speed, N_{js}, to just suspend finely divided solids. In this work, N_{js} was experimentally obtained for a number of different pharmaceutically-relevant agitation systems including vessels with different types of bottoms (torispherical or hemispherical), impeller types (RBI, disk turbine, 4-blade and 6-blade pitched-blade turbine), baffling conditions (fully baffled, partially baffled, and unbaffled tanks), impeller clearance off the tank bottom, and solid particle size. The power dissipated by the impeller was also measured. A novel experimental approach to determine N_{js} was developed here. This approach consists of experimentally measuring the size of the circular region of the tank bottom covered by the solids at increasing values of the agitation speed, N, plotting N vs. the size of this region (expressed as either the region's diameter D_s or its area A_s), and linearly regressing the data to obtain N_{js} as the limit of the N value for D_s or A_s going to zero. The N_{js} results obtained with the new approach were compared with those obtained using the traditional Zwietering's approach, visually requiring that the solids do not rest on the tank bottom for more than 1-2 seconds. Excellent agreement was found between the results obtained using the novel approach and those obtained using Zwietering's method. The novel method proposed here completely eliminates the observer's bias from the experimental determination of N_{js}. The results obtained here show that N_{js} is a strong function of most of the variables listed above, and especially the baffling type."],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.njit.edu/theses/206"],"dc:subject":["Retreat blade impeller","Agitation systems","Chemical Engineering","Pharmaceutics and Drug Design"],"dc:title":["Experimental determination of the mixing requirements for solid suspension in pharmaceutical stirred tank reactors"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Chemical, Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science in Pharmaceutical Engineering - (M.S.)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:22:26Z"}