{"id":{"repo_id":"ncsu","oai_identifier":"oai:repository.lib.ncsu.edu:1840.16/3024"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/ncsu/oai:repository.lib.ncsu.edu:1840.16/3024","repository":{"repo_id":"ncsu","name":"North Carolina State University","base_url":"https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"The Influence of Reference-Mark Density and Saliency on Time-To-Passage","abstract":"Gogel & McNulty (1983) demonstrated that the greater the density of vertical reference or hatch marks in a display, the greater the perceived velocity of a laterally moving object. Their study corroborates the findings of other researchers that the addition of reference-marks or a reference frame lowers the motion threshold (Liebowitz, 1955; Brown, 1931a, 1931b). The current study’s first experiment successfully replicated the results of Gogel & McNulty’s study using a flat panel LCD screen and a predicted-motion task. Subsequent experiments examined the effect of object and reference-mark characteristics on accuracy. In general, accuracy increased as the extrapolation distance (ED) and reference-mark density increased. There was a consistent interactive effect between ED and reference-mark density such that medium and long EDs coupled with high density of reference-marks produced the greatest increase in accuracy. There was an interactive sex effect with ED which was present in the results, but was not consistent. Though accuracy was not affected by object size, horizontal extent, shape, familiarity, color or offset, the effect of high reference-mark density on improving accuracy disappeared when marks were less salient. The results of these experiments have application to the design of displays used for military, air traffic control and cockpit applications, laparoscopic surgery, assembly-line manufacturing, highway-construction tasks, and on-orbit space manufacturing and construction.","abstract_html":"Gogel & McNulty (1983) demonstrated that the greater the density of vertical reference or hatch marks in a display, the greater the perceived velocity of a laterally moving object. Their study corroborates the findings of other researchers that the addition of reference-marks or a reference frame lowers the motion threshold (Liebowitz, 1955; Brown, 1931a, 1931b). The current study’s first experiment successfully replicated the results of Gogel & McNulty’s study using a flat panel LCD screen and a predicted-motion task. Subsequent experiments examined the effect of object and reference-mark characteristics on accuracy. In general, accuracy increased as the extrapolation distance (ED) and reference-mark density increased. There was a consistent interactive effect between ED and reference-mark density such that medium and long EDs coupled with high density of reference-marks produced the greatest increase in accuracy. There was an interactive sex effect with ED which was present in the results, but was not consistent. Though accuracy was not affected by object size, horizontal extent, shape, familiarity, color or offset, the effect of high reference-mark density on improving accuracy disappeared when marks were less salient. The results of these experiments have application to the design of displays used for military, air traffic control and cockpit applications, laparoscopic surgery, assembly-line manufacturing, highway-construction tasks, and on-orbit space manufacturing and construction.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Ornan, Rachelle Nitzanne"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Dr. Chris Mayhorn, Committee Member","Dr. Katherine Klein, Committee Member","Dr. Denis Gray, Committee Member","Dr. Donald Mershon, Committee Chair"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2009,"date_issued":"2009-04-02","date_published":"2009-04-02","updated_at":"2026-08-21T22:21:56Z","subjects":["relative motion","sex differences","hatch marks","predicted motion task","transparency","human factors","motion perception","visual displays","TTP","velocity perception","accuracy","time-to-contact","TTC","perceived velocity","visual perception"],"languages":[],"rights":["I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dis sertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to NC State University or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-03182008-142636"],"render_values":[{"text":"etd-03182008-142636","href":null,"code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/3024","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"source_record":{"url":"https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/server/oai/request?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=dim&identifier=oai%3Arepository.lib.ncsu.edu%3A1840.16%2F3024","prefix":"dim"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Dr. Chris Mayhorn, Committee Member","Dr. Katherine Klein, Committee Member","Dr. Denis Gray, Committee Member","Dr. Donald Mershon, Committee Chair"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Ornan, Rachelle Nitzanne"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2010-04-02T18:26:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2010-04-02T18:26:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2009-04-02"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["relative motion","sex differences","hatch marks","predicted motion task","transparency","human factors","motion perception","visual displays","TTP","velocity perception","accuracy","time-to-contact","TTC","perceived velocity","visual perception"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dis sertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to NC State University or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.other","label":"Dc Identifier Other","values":["etd-03182008-142636"]},{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/3024"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["North Carolina State University Theses Psychology."]},{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Gogel & McNulty (1983) demonstrated that the greater the density of vertical reference or hatch marks in a display, the greater the perceived velocity of a laterally moving object. Their study corroborates the findings of other researchers that the addition of reference-marks or a reference frame lowers the motion threshold (Liebowitz, 1955; Brown, 1931a, 1931b). The current study’s first experiment successfully replicated the results of Gogel & McNulty’s study using a flat panel LCD screen and a predicted-motion task. Subsequent experiments examined the effect of object and reference-mark characteristics on accuracy. In general, accuracy increased as the extrapolation distance (ED) and reference-mark density increased. There was a consistent interactive effect between ED and reference-mark density such that medium and long EDs coupled with high density of reference-marks produced the greatest increase in accuracy. There was an interactive sex effect with ED which was present in the results, but was not consistent. Though accuracy was not affected by object size, horizontal extent, shape, familiarity, color or offset, the effect of high reference-mark density on improving accuracy disappeared when marks were less salient. The results of these experiments have application to the design of displays used for military, air traffic control and cockpit applications, laparoscopic surgery, assembly-line manufacturing, highway-construction tasks, and on-orbit space manufacturing and construction."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["Thesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Influence of Reference-Mark Density and Saliency on Time-To-Passage"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Dr. Chris Mayhorn, Committee Member","Dr. Katherine Klein, Committee Member","Dr. Denis Gray, Committee Member","Dr. Donald Mershon, Committee Chair"],"dc:creator":["Ornan, Rachelle Nitzanne"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2010-04-02T18:26:00Z"],"dc:date.available":["2010-04-02T18:26:00Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2009-04-02"],"dc:description":["North Carolina State University Theses Psychology."],"dc:description.abstract":["Gogel & McNulty (1983) demonstrated that the greater the density of vertical reference or hatch marks in a display, the greater the perceived velocity of a laterally moving object. Their study corroborates the findings of other researchers that the addition of reference-marks or a reference frame lowers the motion threshold (Liebowitz, 1955; Brown, 1931a, 1931b). The current study’s first experiment successfully replicated the results of Gogel & McNulty’s study using a flat panel LCD screen and a predicted-motion task. Subsequent experiments examined the effect of object and reference-mark characteristics on accuracy. In general, accuracy increased as the extrapolation distance (ED) and reference-mark density increased. There was a consistent interactive effect between ED and reference-mark density such that medium and long EDs coupled with high density of reference-marks produced the greatest increase in accuracy. There was an interactive sex effect with ED which was present in the results, but was not consistent. Though accuracy was not affected by object size, horizontal extent, shape, familiarity, color or offset, the effect of high reference-mark density on improving accuracy disappeared when marks were less salient. The results of these experiments have application to the design of displays used for military, air traffic control and cockpit applications, laparoscopic surgery, assembly-line manufacturing, highway-construction tasks, and on-orbit space manufacturing and construction."],"dc:format":["Thesis (Ph.D.)--North Carolina State University."],"dc:identifier.other":["etd-03182008-142636"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://www.lib.ncsu.edu/resolver/1840.16/3024"],"dc:rights":["I hereby certify that, if appropriate, I have obtained and attached hereto a written permission statement from the owner(s) of each third party copyrighted matter to be included in my thesis, dis sertation, or project report, allowing distribution as specified below. I certify that the version I submitted is the same as that approved by my advisory committee. I hereby grant to NC State University or its agents the non-exclusive license to archive and make accessible, under the conditions specified below, my thesis, dissertation, or project report in whole or in part in all forms of media, now or hereafter known. I retain all other ownership rights to the copyright of the thesis, dissertation or project report. I also retain the right to use in future works (such as articles or books) all or part of this thesis, dissertation, or project report."],"dc:subject":["relative motion","sex differences","hatch marks","predicted motion task","transparency","human factors","motion perception","visual displays","TTP","velocity perception","accuracy","time-to-contact","TTC","perceived velocity","visual perception"],"dc:title":["The Influence of Reference-Mark Density and Saliency on Time-To-Passage"]},"updated_at":"2026-08-21T22:21:56Z"}