The use of spanking as a form of discipline for children is a controversial issue. Even so, it is a practice that the majority of American parents have used to correct behavioral concerns within their children (Straus, 2010). Further, Black parents have been noted to use spanking more frequently than other ethnic groups (Berlin et al., 2009). Most research focuses on the negative implications of spanking on children’s development and outcomes, but some research suggests that outcomes differ for children from different ethnic groups with Black children showing more favorable outcomes. Many variables, such as parental warmth exhibited in the parent-child relationship, parental endorsement of spanking, and cultural norms, have been researched to explain what moderates the outcomes. This review focuses on racial socialization as a moderating variable that helps explain the favorable outcomes among Black American youths to consider the use of spanking through the lens of an emic perspective that promotes cultural sensitivity and informs culturally appropriate and responsive therapeutic services.
","abstract_html":"<p>The use of spanking as a form of discipline for children is a controversial issue. Even so, it is a practice that the majority of American parents have used to correct behavioral concerns within their children (Straus, 2010). Further, Black parents have been noted to use spanking more frequently than other ethnic groups (Berlin et al., 2009). Most research focuses on the negative implications of spanking on children’s development and outcomes, but some research suggests that outcomes differ for children from different ethnic groups with Black children showing more favorable outcomes. Many variables, such as parental warmth exhibited in the parent-child relationship, parental endorsement of spanking, and cultural norms, have been researched to explain what moderates the outcomes. This review focuses on racial socialization as a moderating variable that helps explain the favorable outcomes among Black American youths to consider the use of spanking through the lens of an emic perspective that promotes cultural sensitivity and informs culturally appropriate and responsive therapeutic services.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Love, Veronica L"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Psy.D. Doctor of Clinical Psychology","degree_level":"Dissertation - Public Access","degree_discipline":"Clinical Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dr. Patricia S. Dixon, Psy.D.","Dr. Gary Howell, Psy.D."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2020,"date_issued":"2020-06-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2020-06-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:21:28Z","subjects":["spanking","racial socialization","childrearing","Black American parenting practices","African American discipline","preparation for bias","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.nl.edu/diss/470","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dr. Patricia S. Dixon, Psy.D.","Dr. Gary Howell, Psy.D."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Love, Veronica L"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2020-06-24T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Clinical Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation - Public Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Psy.D. Doctor of Clinical Psychology"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["spanking","racial socialization","childrearing","Black American parenting practices","African American discipline","preparation for bias","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.nl.edu/diss/470"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The use of spanking as a form of discipline for children is a controversial issue. Even so, it is a practice that the majority of American parents have used to correct behavioral concerns within their children (Straus, 2010). Further, Black parents have been noted to use spanking more frequently than other ethnic groups (Berlin et al., 2009). Most research focuses on the negative implications of spanking on children’s development and outcomes, but some research suggests that outcomes differ for children from different ethnic groups with Black children showing more favorable outcomes. Many variables, such as parental warmth exhibited in the parent-child relationship, parental endorsement of spanking, and cultural norms, have been researched to explain what moderates the outcomes. This review focuses on racial socialization as a moderating variable that helps explain the favorable outcomes among Black American youths to consider the use of spanking through the lens of an emic perspective that promotes cultural sensitivity and informs culturally appropriate and responsive therapeutic services.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Racial Socialization: Its Influence On Outcomes Among Black American Children Exposed To Physical Discipline"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Dr. Patricia S. Dixon, Psy.D.","Dr. Gary Howell, Psy.D."],"dc:creator":["Love, Veronica L"],"dc:date.available":["2020-06-24T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The use of spanking as a form of discipline for children is a controversial issue. Even so, it is a practice that the majority of American parents have used to correct behavioral concerns within their children (Straus, 2010). Further, Black parents have been noted to use spanking more frequently than other ethnic groups (Berlin et al., 2009). Most research focuses on the negative implications of spanking on children’s development and outcomes, but some research suggests that outcomes differ for children from different ethnic groups with Black children showing more favorable outcomes. Many variables, such as parental warmth exhibited in the parent-child relationship, parental endorsement of spanking, and cultural norms, have been researched to explain what moderates the outcomes. This review focuses on racial socialization as a moderating variable that helps explain the favorable outcomes among Black American youths to consider the use of spanking through the lens of an emic perspective that promotes cultural sensitivity and informs culturally appropriate and responsive therapeutic services.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.nl.edu/diss/470"],"dc:subject":["spanking","racial socialization","childrearing","Black American parenting practices","African American discipline","preparation for bias","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences"],"dc:title":["Racial Socialization: Its Influence On Outcomes Among Black American Children Exposed To Physical Discipline"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Clinical Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation - Public Access"],"thesis:degree_name":["Psy.D. Doctor of Clinical Psychology"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:21:28Z"}