{"id":{"repo_id":"namibia","oai_identifier":"oai:repository.unam.edu.na:11070/2299"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/namibia/oai:repository.unam.edu.na:11070/2299","repository":{"repo_id":"namibia","name":"University of Namibia","base_url":"https://repository.unam.edu.na/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Examining the risk factors for hepatitis B infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Kunene region, a case control study","abstract":"The Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is a double stranded DNA virus, a member of the Hepadnavidae family of viruses. World Health Organization estimates that about 257 million people are living with Hepatitis B virus infection. Namibia has a high prevalence of Hepatitis B infection (9%) among pregnant women and Kunene region prevalence of 8%. The researcher conducted an un-matched 2:1 case-control study to determine the associated risk factors for Hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in Kunene region. Cases were study subjects with reactive results for HBsAg or HBeAg and controls were study subjects with negative for both HBV markers. A total of 115 cases and 230 controls were interviewed. Mean age among the cases was 29 years range 16 – 45 (SD = 6.6), controls the mean was 26 years range 13 – 45 years (SD = 6.8). Bi-variate analysis was conducted to determine the odds ratios at 95% confidence level. Significant risk factors at p-value less than 0.05 were retained in multiple logistic regression models to determine significant associations. The multivariate analysis found that polygamous marriages (AO: 3.45; CI: 1.25 – 9.57; p= 0.02).Body piercing and scarification (AOR: 4.34; CI: 2.30 – 8.17; p= 0.00),body tattoos (AOR: 2.95; CI: 1.09 - 7.99; p = 0.03), history of abortion (AOR: 2.91; CI: 1.38 – 6.16; p= 0.00), STI’s (AOR: 3.34; 95%CI: 1.92 – 5.80; p= 0.00) and previous history tooth extraction or any dental procedures (AOR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.17 – 3.54; p = 0.01) was significantly associated with Hepatitis B infection. Gravidity, parity, HIV positive status and history of blood transfusion were not associated risk factor in multivariate model (p = >0.05). The Ministry of Health and Social Services in Kunene region should implement preventative strategies such as Hepatitis B screening, treatment, health education, infection control and hepatitis B vaccination for the general population.","abstract_html":"The Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is a double stranded DNA virus, a member of the Hepadnavidae family of viruses. World Health Organization estimates that about 257 million people are living with Hepatitis B virus infection. Namibia has a high prevalence of Hepatitis B infection (9%) among pregnant women and Kunene region prevalence of 8%. The researcher conducted an un-matched 2:1 case-control study to determine the associated risk factors for Hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in Kunene region. Cases were study subjects with reactive results for HBsAg or HBeAg and controls were study subjects with negative for both HBV markers. A total of 115 cases and 230 controls were interviewed. Mean age among the cases was 29 years range 16 – 45 (SD = 6.6), controls the mean was 26 years range 13 – 45 years (SD = 6.8). Bi-variate analysis was conducted to determine the odds ratios at 95% confidence level. Significant risk factors at p-value less than 0.05 were retained in multiple logistic regression models to determine significant associations. The multivariate analysis found that polygamous marriages (AO: 3.45; CI: 1.25 – 9.57; p= 0.02).Body piercing and scarification (AOR: 4.34; CI: 2.30 – 8.17; p= 0.00),body tattoos (AOR: 2.95; CI: 1.09 - 7.99; p = 0.03), history of abortion (AOR: 2.91; CI: 1.38 – 6.16; p= 0.00), STI’s (AOR: 3.34; 95%CI: 1.92 – 5.80; p= 0.00) and previous history tooth extraction or any dental procedures (AOR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.17 – 3.54; p = 0.01) was significantly associated with Hepatitis B infection. Gravidity, parity, HIV positive status and history of blood transfusion were not associated risk factor in multivariate model (p = >0.05). The Ministry of Health and Social Services in Kunene region should implement preventative strategies such as Hepatitis B screening, treatment, health education, infection control and hepatitis B vaccination for the general population.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Mwaningange, Iyaloo Wilika"],"institution":"University of Namibia","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2018,"date_issued":"2018","date_published":"2018","updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:22:01Z","subjects":["Hepatitis B infection","Pregnant women"],"languages":["en"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2299","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Mwaningange, Iyaloo Wilika"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2018-05-27T15:08:19Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2018-05-27T15:08:19Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2018"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["University of Namibia"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Hepatitis B infection","Pregnant women"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["en"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2299"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Applied Field Epidemiology"]},{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is a double stranded DNA virus, a member of the Hepadnavidae family of viruses. World Health Organization estimates that about 257 million people are living with Hepatitis B virus infection. Namibia has a high prevalence of Hepatitis B infection (9%) among pregnant women and Kunene region prevalence of 8%. The researcher conducted an un-matched 2:1 case-control study to determine the associated risk factors for Hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in Kunene region. Cases were study subjects with reactive results for HBsAg or HBeAg and controls were study subjects with negative for both HBV markers. A total of 115 cases and 230 controls were interviewed. Mean age among the cases was 29 years range 16 – 45 (SD = 6.6), controls the mean was 26 years range 13 – 45 years (SD = 6.8). Bi-variate analysis was conducted to determine the odds ratios at 95% confidence level. Significant risk factors at p-value less than 0.05 were retained in multiple logistic regression models to determine significant associations. The multivariate analysis found that polygamous marriages (AO: 3.45; CI: 1.25 – 9.57; p= 0.02).Body piercing and scarification (AOR: 4.34; CI: 2.30 – 8.17; p= 0.00),body tattoos (AOR: 2.95; CI: 1.09 - 7.99; p = 0.03), history of abortion (AOR: 2.91; CI: 1.38 – 6.16; p= 0.00), STI’s (AOR: 3.34; 95%CI: 1.92 – 5.80; p= 0.00) and previous history tooth extraction or any dental procedures (AOR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.17 – 3.54; p = 0.01) was significantly associated with Hepatitis B infection. Gravidity, parity, HIV positive status and history of blood transfusion were not associated risk factor in multivariate model (p = >0.05). The Ministry of Health and Social Services in Kunene region should implement preventative strategies such as Hepatitis B screening, treatment, health education, infection control and hepatitis B vaccination for the general population."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Examining the risk factors for hepatitis B infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Kunene region, a case control study"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Mwaningange, Iyaloo Wilika"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2018-05-27T15:08:19Z"],"dc:date.available":["2018-05-27T15:08:19Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2018"],"dc:description":["A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Applied Field Epidemiology"],"dc:description.abstract":["The Hepatitis B is a viral infection caused by Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which is a double stranded DNA virus, a member of the Hepadnavidae family of viruses. World Health Organization estimates that about 257 million people are living with Hepatitis B virus infection. Namibia has a high prevalence of Hepatitis B infection (9%) among pregnant women and Kunene region prevalence of 8%. The researcher conducted an un-matched 2:1 case-control study to determine the associated risk factors for Hepatitis B infection among pregnant women in Kunene region. Cases were study subjects with reactive results for HBsAg or HBeAg and controls were study subjects with negative for both HBV markers. A total of 115 cases and 230 controls were interviewed. Mean age among the cases was 29 years range 16 – 45 (SD = 6.6), controls the mean was 26 years range 13 – 45 years (SD = 6.8). Bi-variate analysis was conducted to determine the odds ratios at 95% confidence level. Significant risk factors at p-value less than 0.05 were retained in multiple logistic regression models to determine significant associations. The multivariate analysis found that polygamous marriages (AO: 3.45; CI: 1.25 – 9.57; p= 0.02).Body piercing and scarification (AOR: 4.34; CI: 2.30 – 8.17; p= 0.00),body tattoos (AOR: 2.95; CI: 1.09 - 7.99; p = 0.03), history of abortion (AOR: 2.91; CI: 1.38 – 6.16; p= 0.00), STI’s (AOR: 3.34; 95%CI: 1.92 – 5.80; p= 0.00) and previous history tooth extraction or any dental procedures (AOR: 2.03; 95% CI: 1.17 – 3.54; p = 0.01) was significantly associated with Hepatitis B infection. Gravidity, parity, HIV positive status and history of blood transfusion were not associated risk factor in multivariate model (p = >0.05). The Ministry of Health and Social Services in Kunene region should implement preventative strategies such as Hepatitis B screening, treatment, health education, infection control and hepatitis B vaccination for the general population."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/11070/2299"],"dc:language.iso":["en"],"dc:publisher":["University of Namibia"],"dc:subject":["Hepatitis B infection","Pregnant women"],"dc:title":["Examining the risk factors for hepatitis B infection among pregnant women attending antenatal care in Kunene region, a case control study"],"dc:type":["Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:22:01Z"}