\"Powder based additive manufacturing (AM) exhibits tremendous uncertainties, where variations in build quality is present despite utilizing similar build processing parameters. First, this work reports the features and formation mechanisms of five unique types of spatter during the LPBF process by in-situ high-speed, high-energy x-ray imaging. The unique physical characteristics of spatter are determined. The effect of laser scan speed and laser power on spatter formation, ejection, and mitigation are determined. Second, this work addresses the uncertainty challenge by identifying the sources of uncertainty in SLM by in-situ characterization due to variations from the additive manufacturing processing parameters needed for Ti6Al4V. Second, this work addresses the uncertainty challenge by identifying the sources of uncertainty in SLM by in-situ characterization due to variations from the additive manufacturing processing parameters needed for Ti6Al4V. We show that small variations in the laser beam size, power, scan speed, and powder bed thickness results in significant changes in the SLM dynamics. Third, this work focuses on identifying the uncertainty due to particle size distribution (PSD) on the resulting Ti6Al4V powder’s flowability. More specifically, we showed that the PSDs effect on flowability is not linear, rather the PSD near local high packing densities cause significant reductions in overall dynamic flowability and affect the finalized part’s SLM dynamics. The understanding and control of these uncertainties are vital for increasing the capabilities and reliability of AM produced parts\"--Abstract, p. iv
","abstract_html":"<p>"Powder based additive manufacturing (AM) exhibits tremendous uncertainties, where variations in build quality is present despite utilizing similar build processing parameters. First, this work reports the features and formation mechanisms of five unique types of spatter during the LPBF process by in-situ high-speed, high-energy x-ray imaging. The unique physical characteristics of spatter are determined. The effect of laser scan speed and laser power on spatter formation, ejection, and mitigation are determined. Second, this work addresses the uncertainty challenge by identifying the sources of uncertainty in SLM by in-situ characterization due to variations from the additive manufacturing processing parameters needed for Ti6Al4V. Second, this work addresses the uncertainty challenge by identifying the sources of uncertainty in SLM by in-situ characterization due to variations from the additive manufacturing processing parameters needed for Ti6Al4V. We show that small variations in the laser beam size, power, scan speed, and powder bed thickness results in significant changes in the SLM dynamics. Third, this work focuses on identifying the uncertainty due to particle size distribution (PSD) on the resulting Ti6Al4V powder’s flowability. More specifically, we showed that the PSDs effect on flowability is not linear, rather the PSD near local high packing densities cause significant reductions in overall dynamic flowability and affect the finalized part’s SLM dynamics. The understanding and control of these uncertainties are vital for increasing the capabilities and reliability of AM produced parts"--Abstract, p. iv</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Young, Zachary"],"institution":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","degree_name":"Ph. D. in Mechanical Engineering","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":null,"date_issued":"","date_published":null,"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:18:18Z","subjects":["Additive Manufacturing","Aerospace engineering","Mechanical engineering","Process control","Engineering"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/3191","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Young, Zachary"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Dissertation - Open Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph. D. in Mechanical Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Missouri University of Science and Technology"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Additive Manufacturing","Aerospace engineering","Mechanical engineering","Process control","Engineering"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/3191"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["\"Powder based additive manufacturing (AM) exhibits tremendous uncertainties, where variations in build quality is present despite utilizing similar build processing parameters. First, this work reports the features and formation mechanisms of five unique types of spatter during the LPBF process by in-situ high-speed, high-energy x-ray imaging. The unique physical characteristics of spatter are determined. The effect of laser scan speed and laser power on spatter formation, ejection, and mitigation are determined. Second, this work addresses the uncertainty challenge by identifying the sources of uncertainty in SLM by in-situ characterization due to variations from the additive manufacturing processing parameters needed for Ti6Al4V. Second, this work addresses the uncertainty challenge by identifying the sources of uncertainty in SLM by in-situ characterization due to variations from the additive manufacturing processing parameters needed for Ti6Al4V. We show that small variations in the laser beam size, power, scan speed, and powder bed thickness results in significant changes in the SLM dynamics. Third, this work focuses on identifying the uncertainty due to particle size distribution (PSD) on the resulting Ti6Al4V powder’s flowability. More specifically, we showed that the PSDs effect on flowability is not linear, rather the PSD near local high packing densities cause significant reductions in overall dynamic flowability and affect the finalized part’s SLM dynamics. The understanding and control of these uncertainties are vital for increasing the capabilities and reliability of AM produced parts\"--Abstract, p. iv
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Sources of Quality Uncertainty in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Metal Additive Manufacturing"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Young, Zachary"],"dc:description.abstract":["\"Powder based additive manufacturing (AM) exhibits tremendous uncertainties, where variations in build quality is present despite utilizing similar build processing parameters. First, this work reports the features and formation mechanisms of five unique types of spatter during the LPBF process by in-situ high-speed, high-energy x-ray imaging. The unique physical characteristics of spatter are determined. The effect of laser scan speed and laser power on spatter formation, ejection, and mitigation are determined. Second, this work addresses the uncertainty challenge by identifying the sources of uncertainty in SLM by in-situ characterization due to variations from the additive manufacturing processing parameters needed for Ti6Al4V. Second, this work addresses the uncertainty challenge by identifying the sources of uncertainty in SLM by in-situ characterization due to variations from the additive manufacturing processing parameters needed for Ti6Al4V. We show that small variations in the laser beam size, power, scan speed, and powder bed thickness results in significant changes in the SLM dynamics. Third, this work focuses on identifying the uncertainty due to particle size distribution (PSD) on the resulting Ti6Al4V powder’s flowability. More specifically, we showed that the PSDs effect on flowability is not linear, rather the PSD near local high packing densities cause significant reductions in overall dynamic flowability and affect the finalized part’s SLM dynamics. The understanding and control of these uncertainties are vital for increasing the capabilities and reliability of AM produced parts\"--Abstract, p. iv
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/3191"],"dc:subject":["Additive Manufacturing","Aerospace engineering","Mechanical engineering","Process control","Engineering"],"dc:title":["Sources of Quality Uncertainty in Laser Powder Bed Fusion Metal Additive Manufacturing"],"dc:type":["Dissertation - Open Access"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph. D. in Mechanical Engineering"],"thesis:institution_name":["Missouri University of Science and Technology"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:18:18Z"}