\"Lead-acid batteries are an established technology with nearly 99% recyclability; however, lead-acid batteries produce only 40% of their theoretical capacity due to poor active mass utilization and PbSO4 pore blockage, and the longevity of the batteries is hampered by secondary reactions during the cycle life such as corrosion and gassing.
Lead-acid batteries were investigated and improved through several different approaches: an alternative electrolyte to mitigate secondary reactions, graphite additives to improve positive active mass (PAM) utilization, and dispersant additives to help the industrial pasting process.
The thermodynamics and chemical reactions of a commercial electrolyte replacement called TydrolyteTM were investigated using a model smooth lead system and compared to standard electrolyte. Tydrolyte contains a concentrated Eigen proton structure (H9O4+) that consists of a hydronium cation (H3O+) hydrated by three water molecules.
The positive active mass (PAM) utilization is of great importance, because it limits the theoretical capacity of the battery. Various differentiating graphite additives were incorporated into the positive paste, in a range of amounts, to study and compare their effects on PAM utilization under a wide range of current rates.
Due to its rheological properties, positive lead-acid battery paste can be difficult to spread on lead current collectors accurately and efficiently in industry settings. A sodium polymethacrylate dispersant was studied as an effective positive paste additive that could lower the yield stress of the paste without affecting paste density and battery performance\"--Abstract, p. iv
","abstract_html":"<p>"Lead-acid batteries are an established technology with nearly 99% recyclability; however, lead-acid batteries produce only 40% of their theoretical capacity due to poor active mass utilization and PbSO4 pore blockage, and the longevity of the batteries is hampered by secondary reactions during the cycle life such as corrosion and gassing.</p> <p>Lead-acid batteries were investigated and improved through several different approaches: an alternative electrolyte to mitigate secondary reactions, graphite additives to improve positive active mass (PAM) utilization, and dispersant additives to help the industrial pasting process.</p> <p>The thermodynamics and chemical reactions of a commercial electrolyte replacement called Tydrolyte<sup>TM</sup> were investigated using a model smooth lead system and compared to standard electrolyte. Tydrolyte contains a concentrated Eigen proton structure (H9O4<sup>+</sup>) that consists of a hydronium cation (H3O<sup>+</sup>) hydrated by three water molecules.</p> <p>The positive active mass (PAM) utilization is of great importance, because it limits the theoretical capacity of the battery. Various differentiating graphite additives were incorporated into the positive paste, in a range of amounts, to study and compare their effects on PAM utilization under a wide range of current rates.</p> <p>Due to its rheological properties, positive lead-acid battery paste can be difficult to spread on lead current collectors accurately and efficiently in industry settings. A sodium polymethacrylate dispersant was studied as an effective positive paste additive that could lower the yield stress of the paste without affecting paste density and battery performance"--Abstract, p. iv</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Kosacki, Julian"],"institution":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","degree_name":"Ph. D. in Materials Science and Engineering","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":null,"date_issued":"","date_published":null,"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:18:34Z","subjects":["Additives","Capacity","Cycle Life","Electrochemistry","Energy Storage","Lead-acid Batteries","Materials Science and Engineering"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/3190","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Kosacki, Julian"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Dissertation - Open Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph. D. in Materials Science and Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Missouri University of Science and Technology"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Additives","Capacity","Cycle Life","Electrochemistry","Energy Storage","Lead-acid Batteries","Materials Science and Engineering"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/3190"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["\"Lead-acid batteries are an established technology with nearly 99% recyclability; however, lead-acid batteries produce only 40% of their theoretical capacity due to poor active mass utilization and PbSO4 pore blockage, and the longevity of the batteries is hampered by secondary reactions during the cycle life such as corrosion and gassing.
Lead-acid batteries were investigated and improved through several different approaches: an alternative electrolyte to mitigate secondary reactions, graphite additives to improve positive active mass (PAM) utilization, and dispersant additives to help the industrial pasting process.
The thermodynamics and chemical reactions of a commercial electrolyte replacement called TydrolyteTM were investigated using a model smooth lead system and compared to standard electrolyte. Tydrolyte contains a concentrated Eigen proton structure (H9O4+) that consists of a hydronium cation (H3O+) hydrated by three water molecules.
The positive active mass (PAM) utilization is of great importance, because it limits the theoretical capacity of the battery. Various differentiating graphite additives were incorporated into the positive paste, in a range of amounts, to study and compare their effects on PAM utilization under a wide range of current rates.
Due to its rheological properties, positive lead-acid battery paste can be difficult to spread on lead current collectors accurately and efficiently in industry settings. A sodium polymethacrylate dispersant was studied as an effective positive paste additive that could lower the yield stress of the paste without affecting paste density and battery performance\"--Abstract, p. iv
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF NEW ADDITIVE MATERIALS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CAPACITY AND CYCLE LIFE PERFORMANCE OF THE LEAD-ACID BATTERY"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Kosacki, Julian"],"dc:description.abstract":["\"Lead-acid batteries are an established technology with nearly 99% recyclability; however, lead-acid batteries produce only 40% of their theoretical capacity due to poor active mass utilization and PbSO4 pore blockage, and the longevity of the batteries is hampered by secondary reactions during the cycle life such as corrosion and gassing.
Lead-acid batteries were investigated and improved through several different approaches: an alternative electrolyte to mitigate secondary reactions, graphite additives to improve positive active mass (PAM) utilization, and dispersant additives to help the industrial pasting process.
The thermodynamics and chemical reactions of a commercial electrolyte replacement called TydrolyteTM were investigated using a model smooth lead system and compared to standard electrolyte. Tydrolyte contains a concentrated Eigen proton structure (H9O4+) that consists of a hydronium cation (H3O+) hydrated by three water molecules.
The positive active mass (PAM) utilization is of great importance, because it limits the theoretical capacity of the battery. Various differentiating graphite additives were incorporated into the positive paste, in a range of amounts, to study and compare their effects on PAM utilization under a wide range of current rates.
Due to its rheological properties, positive lead-acid battery paste can be difficult to spread on lead current collectors accurately and efficiently in industry settings. A sodium polymethacrylate dispersant was studied as an effective positive paste additive that could lower the yield stress of the paste without affecting paste density and battery performance\"--Abstract, p. iv
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/3190"],"dc:subject":["Additives","Capacity","Cycle Life","Electrochemistry","Energy Storage","Lead-acid Batteries","Materials Science and Engineering"],"dc:title":["STUDYING THE EFFECTS OF NEW ADDITIVE MATERIALS FOR THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE CAPACITY AND CYCLE LIFE PERFORMANCE OF THE LEAD-ACID BATTERY"],"dc:type":["Dissertation - Open Access"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph. D. in Materials Science and Engineering"],"thesis:institution_name":["Missouri University of Science and Technology"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:18:34Z"}