\"With the increased use of explosive devices in combat, blast induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has become one of the signature wounds in current conflicts. Animal studies have been conducted to understand the mechanisms in the brain and a pressure versus time graph has been produced. However, the role of impulse in bTBIs has not been thoroughly investigated for animals or human beings.
This research proposes a new method of presenting bTBI data by using a pressure versus impulse (P-I) graph. P-I graphs have been found useful in presenting lung lethality regions and building damage thresholds. To present the animal bTBI data on a P-I graph for humans, the reported peak pressures needed to be scaled to humans, impulse values calculated, and impulse values scaled. Peak pressures were scaled using Jean et al.'s method, which accounts for all the structures of the head. Impulse values were estimated in two methods: Friedlander's impulse equation and a proposed modification to the Friedlander's impulse equation. The modification was needed as some animal testing was not subjected to shock waves with a steady decay, such as outside the end of a shock tube. Mass scaling was used to scale the reported time duration in the impulse calculation.
The scaled peak pressure and impulse values were plotted on a P-I graph with the reported severity. The three severities did not overlap; thus, each severity had its own region on the P-I graph. The severity regions were overlaid with lung damage and eardrum rupture P-I curves. Seven correlations were found between the bTBI regions and the observable injuries. bTBIs are not a new phenomenon, but in the past other serious injuries were more prominent, due to body armor not attenuating the shock wave as effectively\"--Abstract, page iii.
","abstract_html":"<p>"With the increased use of explosive devices in combat, blast induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has become one of the signature wounds in current conflicts. Animal studies have been conducted to understand the mechanisms in the brain and a pressure versus time graph has been produced. However, the role of impulse in bTBIs has not been thoroughly investigated for animals or human beings.</p><p>This research proposes a new method of presenting bTBI data by using a pressure versus impulse (P-I) graph. P-I graphs have been found useful in presenting lung lethality regions and building damage thresholds. To present the animal bTBI data on a P-I graph for humans, the reported peak pressures needed to be scaled to humans, impulse values calculated, and impulse values scaled. Peak pressures were scaled using Jean et al.'s method, which accounts for all the structures of the head. Impulse values were estimated in two methods: Friedlander's impulse equation and a proposed modification to the Friedlander's impulse equation. The modification was needed as some animal testing was not subjected to shock waves with a steady decay, such as outside the end of a shock tube. Mass scaling was used to scale the reported time duration in the impulse calculation.</p><p>The scaled peak pressure and impulse values were plotted on a P-I graph with the reported severity. The three severities did not overlap; thus, each severity had its own region on the P-I graph. The severity regions were overlaid with lung damage and eardrum rupture P-I curves. Seven correlations were found between the bTBI regions and the observable injuries. bTBIs are not a new phenomenon, but in the past other serious injuries were more prominent, due to body armor not attenuating the shock wave as effectively"--Abstract, page iii.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Rutter, Barbara"],"institution":"Missouri University of Science and Technology","degree_name":"Ph. D. in Explosives Engineering","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":null,"date_issued":"","date_published":null,"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:18:26Z","subjects":["Animal studies","Blast-induced traumatic brain injury","BTBI","Human thresholds","Impulse equations","Explosives Engineering","Mathematics"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2791","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Rutter, Barbara"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Dissertation - Open Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph. D. in Explosives Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Missouri University of Science and Technology"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Animal studies","Blast-induced traumatic brain injury","BTBI","Human thresholds","Impulse equations","Explosives Engineering","Mathematics"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2791"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["\"With the increased use of explosive devices in combat, blast induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has become one of the signature wounds in current conflicts. Animal studies have been conducted to understand the mechanisms in the brain and a pressure versus time graph has been produced. However, the role of impulse in bTBIs has not been thoroughly investigated for animals or human beings.
This research proposes a new method of presenting bTBI data by using a pressure versus impulse (P-I) graph. P-I graphs have been found useful in presenting lung lethality regions and building damage thresholds. To present the animal bTBI data on a P-I graph for humans, the reported peak pressures needed to be scaled to humans, impulse values calculated, and impulse values scaled. Peak pressures were scaled using Jean et al.'s method, which accounts for all the structures of the head. Impulse values were estimated in two methods: Friedlander's impulse equation and a proposed modification to the Friedlander's impulse equation. The modification was needed as some animal testing was not subjected to shock waves with a steady decay, such as outside the end of a shock tube. Mass scaling was used to scale the reported time duration in the impulse calculation.
The scaled peak pressure and impulse values were plotted on a P-I graph with the reported severity. The three severities did not overlap; thus, each severity had its own region on the P-I graph. The severity regions were overlaid with lung damage and eardrum rupture P-I curves. Seven correlations were found between the bTBI regions and the observable injuries. bTBIs are not a new phenomenon, but in the past other serious injuries were more prominent, due to body armor not attenuating the shock wave as effectively\"--Abstract, page iii.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Pressure versus impulse graph for blast-induced traumatic brain injury and correlation to observable blast injuries"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Rutter, Barbara"],"dc:description.abstract":["\"With the increased use of explosive devices in combat, blast induced traumatic brain injury (bTBI) has become one of the signature wounds in current conflicts. Animal studies have been conducted to understand the mechanisms in the brain and a pressure versus time graph has been produced. However, the role of impulse in bTBIs has not been thoroughly investigated for animals or human beings.
This research proposes a new method of presenting bTBI data by using a pressure versus impulse (P-I) graph. P-I graphs have been found useful in presenting lung lethality regions and building damage thresholds. To present the animal bTBI data on a P-I graph for humans, the reported peak pressures needed to be scaled to humans, impulse values calculated, and impulse values scaled. Peak pressures were scaled using Jean et al.'s method, which accounts for all the structures of the head. Impulse values were estimated in two methods: Friedlander's impulse equation and a proposed modification to the Friedlander's impulse equation. The modification was needed as some animal testing was not subjected to shock waves with a steady decay, such as outside the end of a shock tube. Mass scaling was used to scale the reported time duration in the impulse calculation.
The scaled peak pressure and impulse values were plotted on a P-I graph with the reported severity. The three severities did not overlap; thus, each severity had its own region on the P-I graph. The severity regions were overlaid with lung damage and eardrum rupture P-I curves. Seven correlations were found between the bTBI regions and the observable injuries. bTBIs are not a new phenomenon, but in the past other serious injuries were more prominent, due to body armor not attenuating the shock wave as effectively\"--Abstract, page iii.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/2791"],"dc:subject":["Animal studies","Blast-induced traumatic brain injury","BTBI","Human thresholds","Impulse equations","Explosives Engineering","Mathematics"],"dc:title":["Pressure versus impulse graph for blast-induced traumatic brain injury and correlation to observable blast injuries"],"dc:type":["Dissertation - Open Access"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph. D. in Explosives Engineering"],"thesis:institution_name":["Missouri University of Science and Technology"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:18:26Z"}