“Results of physical modelling and kinetic (mass transfer) simulation of a counter-current reaction launder (CCRL) for metals refining are presented. Physical modelling was conducted in a 200 cm long (L) by 20 cm wide (W) channel, using tetrachlorethylene to model 'metal' and water to model 'slag'. A thermal tracer technique was used to measure the eddy thermal diffusivity ( αe) and the interphase heat transfer coefficient (hov). The heat and mass transfer analogy was then applied to determine the extent of longitudinal mixing (De/uL) and to estimate the rate of interphase mass transport (kov). Liquid 'metal' height (H1) was kept constant at 20 cm, while the liquid 'slag' height (Hu) was varied between 5 and 18 cm. Nitrogen was bottom injected at a rate per unit area of 7.5 cm/min, through up to 16 central bubblers placed along the length of the CCRL. Low extents of longitudinal mixing in the 'metal' of De/uL less than 0.1 were measured. Interphase mass transfer coefficients of the order of 0.004 cm/s were estimated from the measured interphase heat transfer coefficient (hov = 1.3 to 2.0 kW/mK). Interphase heat transport was found to be a strong function of the gas stirring energy input (∈), according to hov ∞∈ 0.63, provided H1/W and H1/Hu met, or exceeded unity.
Kinetic simulation was applied to prediction of the performance of a novel CCRL process for production of low carbon ferromanganese (LC FeMn). A dimensionless (NCCRL)s = (kAp/m)s of 1.8 in the slag was predicted to yield highly refined LC FeMn (0.70 % Si), at a 97 % silicon utilization efficiency, and with a 89 % recovery of manganese to the alloy. A transitory reaction, tanks-in-series kinetic model was used to investigate nitrogen absorption and desorption. Substitution of argon for nitrogen was predicted to reduce the liquid LC FeMn nitrogen content from 0.98 to 0.025 % N, but at an estimated additional operating cost of about $10 /t LC FeMn”--Abstract, page iv.
","abstract_html":"<p>“Results of physical modelling and kinetic (mass transfer) simulation of a counter-current reaction launder (CCRL) for metals refining are presented. Physical modelling was conducted in a 200 cm long (L) by 20 cm wide (W) channel, using tetrachlorethylene to model 'metal' and water to model 'slag'. A thermal tracer technique was used to measure the eddy thermal diffusivity ( α<sub>e</sub>) and the interphase heat transfer coefficient (h<sub>ov</sub>). The heat and mass transfer analogy was then applied to determine the extent of longitudinal mixing (D<sub>e</sub>/uL) and to estimate the rate of interphase mass transport (k<sub>ov</sub>). Liquid 'metal' height (H<sub>1</sub>) was kept constant at 20 cm, while the liquid 'slag' height (H<sub>u</sub>) was varied between 5 and 18 cm. Nitrogen was bottom injected at a rate per unit area of 7.5 cm/min, through up to 16 central bubblers placed along the length of the CCRL. Low extents of longitudinal mixing in the 'metal' of D<sub>e</sub>/uL less than 0.1 were measured. Interphase mass transfer coefficients of the order of 0.004 cm/s were estimated from the measured interphase heat transfer coefficient (h<sub>ov</sub> = 1.3 to 2.0 kW/mK). Interphase heat transport was found to be a strong function of the gas stirring energy input (∈), according to h<sub>ov</sub> ∞∈ <sup>0.63</sup>, provided H<sub>1</sub>/W and H<sub>1</sub>/H<sub>u</sub> met, or exceeded unity.</p> <p>Kinetic simulation was applied to prediction of the performance of a novel CCRL process for production of low carbon ferromanganese (LC FeMn). A dimensionless (N<sub>CCRL</sub>)<sub>s</sub> = (kAp/m)<sub>s</sub> of 1.8 in the slag was predicted to yield highly refined LC FeMn (0.70 % Si), at a 97 % silicon utilization efficiency, and with a 89 % recovery of manganese to the alloy. A transitory reaction, tanks-in-series kinetic model was used to investigate nitrogen absorption and desorption. Substitution of argon for nitrogen was predicted to reduce the liquid LC FeMn nitrogen content from 0.98 to 0.025 % N, but at an estimated additional operating cost of about $10 /t LC FeMn”--Abstract, page iv.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Nelson, Lloyd R."],"institution":"University of Missouri--Rolla","degree_name":"Ph. D. in Metallurgical Engineering","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2016,"date_issued":"2016-02-10T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2016-02-10T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:19:30Z","subjects":["Metallurgy"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/1078","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Nelson, Lloyd R."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2016-02-10T08:00:00Z"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Dissertation - Restricted Access"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Ph. D. in Metallurgical Engineering"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Missouri--Rolla"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Metallurgy"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/1078"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["“Results of physical modelling and kinetic (mass transfer) simulation of a counter-current reaction launder (CCRL) for metals refining are presented. Physical modelling was conducted in a 200 cm long (L) by 20 cm wide (W) channel, using tetrachlorethylene to model 'metal' and water to model 'slag'. A thermal tracer technique was used to measure the eddy thermal diffusivity ( αe) and the interphase heat transfer coefficient (hov). The heat and mass transfer analogy was then applied to determine the extent of longitudinal mixing (De/uL) and to estimate the rate of interphase mass transport (kov). Liquid 'metal' height (H1) was kept constant at 20 cm, while the liquid 'slag' height (Hu) was varied between 5 and 18 cm. Nitrogen was bottom injected at a rate per unit area of 7.5 cm/min, through up to 16 central bubblers placed along the length of the CCRL. Low extents of longitudinal mixing in the 'metal' of De/uL less than 0.1 were measured. Interphase mass transfer coefficients of the order of 0.004 cm/s were estimated from the measured interphase heat transfer coefficient (hov = 1.3 to 2.0 kW/mK). Interphase heat transport was found to be a strong function of the gas stirring energy input (∈), according to hov ∞∈ 0.63, provided H1/W and H1/Hu met, or exceeded unity.
Kinetic simulation was applied to prediction of the performance of a novel CCRL process for production of low carbon ferromanganese (LC FeMn). A dimensionless (NCCRL)s = (kAp/m)s of 1.8 in the slag was predicted to yield highly refined LC FeMn (0.70 % Si), at a 97 % silicon utilization efficiency, and with a 89 % recovery of manganese to the alloy. A transitory reaction, tanks-in-series kinetic model was used to investigate nitrogen absorption and desorption. Substitution of argon for nitrogen was predicted to reduce the liquid LC FeMn nitrogen content from 0.98 to 0.025 % N, but at an estimated additional operating cost of about $10 /t LC FeMn”--Abstract, page iv.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Modelling of fluid flow and kinetics in counter-current reactors for pyrometallurgical refining"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Nelson, Lloyd R."],"dc:date.available":["2016-02-10T08:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["“Results of physical modelling and kinetic (mass transfer) simulation of a counter-current reaction launder (CCRL) for metals refining are presented. Physical modelling was conducted in a 200 cm long (L) by 20 cm wide (W) channel, using tetrachlorethylene to model 'metal' and water to model 'slag'. A thermal tracer technique was used to measure the eddy thermal diffusivity ( αe) and the interphase heat transfer coefficient (hov). The heat and mass transfer analogy was then applied to determine the extent of longitudinal mixing (De/uL) and to estimate the rate of interphase mass transport (kov). Liquid 'metal' height (H1) was kept constant at 20 cm, while the liquid 'slag' height (Hu) was varied between 5 and 18 cm. Nitrogen was bottom injected at a rate per unit area of 7.5 cm/min, through up to 16 central bubblers placed along the length of the CCRL. Low extents of longitudinal mixing in the 'metal' of De/uL less than 0.1 were measured. Interphase mass transfer coefficients of the order of 0.004 cm/s were estimated from the measured interphase heat transfer coefficient (hov = 1.3 to 2.0 kW/mK). Interphase heat transport was found to be a strong function of the gas stirring energy input (∈), according to hov ∞∈ 0.63, provided H1/W and H1/Hu met, or exceeded unity.
Kinetic simulation was applied to prediction of the performance of a novel CCRL process for production of low carbon ferromanganese (LC FeMn). A dimensionless (NCCRL)s = (kAp/m)s of 1.8 in the slag was predicted to yield highly refined LC FeMn (0.70 % Si), at a 97 % silicon utilization efficiency, and with a 89 % recovery of manganese to the alloy. A transitory reaction, tanks-in-series kinetic model was used to investigate nitrogen absorption and desorption. Substitution of argon for nitrogen was predicted to reduce the liquid LC FeMn nitrogen content from 0.98 to 0.025 % N, but at an estimated additional operating cost of about $10 /t LC FeMn”--Abstract, page iv.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/doctoral_dissertations/1078"],"dc:subject":["Metallurgy"],"dc:title":["Modelling of fluid flow and kinetics in counter-current reactors for pyrometallurgical refining"],"dc:type":["Dissertation - Restricted Access"],"thesis:degree_name":["Ph. D. in Metallurgical Engineering"],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Missouri--Rolla"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T03:19:30Z"}