Written on the Rocks': The Mythopoetics of the Almo Massacre
type: CreativeWork
description: In this essay, I examine the evolved narrative associated with the Almo Massacre, in which 295 overland emigrants, camped at the Silent City of Rocks along the California Trail, were said to have been massacred by a vast accumulation of united Indian nations. This examination includes a review of the historic context of the initial telling – America’s overland migration and the ensuing interaction between both non-Indian emigrants and Indian inhabitants and also between Gentile and Mormon emigrants; the story’s origins in the oral tradition and its evolution to written form; and the modern debate concerning the historic accuracy of the massacre account. In an example of narrative erosion, historians, archaeologists, and regional tribes argue that the massacre never happened. Members of the local Mormon community argue that it did. In addition to the introductory examination of the story’s erosion (from stable history to myth), I consider the poetics of the myth—the symbolic (and consistently Manichean) representations of emigrant, Indian, Gentile, and Mormon accumulation and dissemination and the degree to which these symbolic representations “map” to landscape; the importance of silence and anonymity to the myth’s meaning; and the content of the myth’s narrative form. I conclude that the myth is not only a local mistake but also a significant and representative example of the national symbolic: that it tells a complex story of nation building and of the tensions and contradictions inherent to all imagined communities. America is an (im)migrant nation – the one-as-many – founded on the contradictory national rhetoric of the many-as-one. The Silent City’s landscape and the story that it stages convey this inherent tension.
abstract: In this essay, I examine the evolved narrative associated with the Almo Massacre, in which 295 overland emigrants, camped at the Silent City of Rocks along the California Trail, were said to have been massacred by a vast accumulation of united Indian nations. This examination includes a review of the historic context of the initial telling – America’s overland migration and the ensuing interaction between both non-Indian emigrants and Indian inhabitants and also between Gentile and Mormon emigrants; the story’s origins in the oral tradition and its evolution to written form; and the modern debate concerning the historic accuracy of the massacre account. In an example of narrative erosion, historians, archaeologists, and regional tribes argue that the massacre never happened. Members of the local Mormon community argue that it did. In addition to the introductory examination of the story’s erosion (from stable history to myth), I consider the poetics of the myth—the symbolic (and consistently Manichean) representations of emigrant, Indian, Gentile, and Mormon accumulation and dissemination and the degree to which these symbolic representations “map” to landscape; the importance of silence and anonymity to the myth’s meaning; and the content of the myth’s narrative form. I conclude that the myth is not only a local mistake but also a significant and representative example of the national symbolic: that it tells a complex story of nation building and of the tensions and contradictions inherent to all imagined communities. America is an (im)migrant nation – the one-as-many – founded on the contradictory national rhetoric of the many-as-one. The Silent City’s landscape and the story that it stages convey this inherent tension.
author: Emmons, Ann
keywords: Almo Massacre, historiography, Idaho history, Mormon history, mythopoetics
date published: 2007-01-01T08:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-24T03:12:06Z
provider: University of Montana
publisher: Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
type: WebPage
source organization: University of Montana