{"id":{"repo_id":"mit","oai_identifier":"oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/147572"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/mit/oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/147572","repository":{"repo_id":"mit","name":"MIT","base_url":"https://dspace.mit.edu/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Design and Analysis of High-Stability THz Molecular Clock System","abstract":"Miniaturized frequency references with high stability are crucial for applications such as navigation and wireless networking. Recently, chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) have achieved excellent stability performance by using a rotational-mode transition of gaseous carbonyl sulfide (¹⁶O¹²C³²S). Its low-cost implementation and robustness against external electrical/magnetic fields make a CSMC an attractive candidate for a high-stability clock. However, even though an invariant OCS transition frequency is used as the reference, non-idealities such as tilted baseline of spectroscopic probing and input offsets of dc amplifiers lead to the frequency error between the actual transition frequency (𝑓₀) and the detected transition frequency. Since these nonidealities are susceptible to environmental variations, it affects the long-term stability of the clock. In addition, the short-term stability of a CSMC is limited by the spectroscopic signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, the effects of noise and environmental variations on clock stability were analyzed to provide guidance for the design and optimization of CSMCs. Also, a dual-loop CSMC is demonstrated to address the issues in the previous CSMCs and further improve stability performance. The prototype chip implemented in 65nm CMOS technology achieves 2 ×10⁻¹¹ Allan Deviation at 10,000-s averaging time with 71-mW power consumption. It demonstrates that CSMCs can provide outstanding stability performance while maintaining cost, complexity, and power consumption advantages.","abstract_html":"Miniaturized frequency references with high stability are crucial for applications such as navigation and wireless networking. Recently, chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) have achieved excellent stability performance by using a rotational-mode transition of gaseous carbonyl sulfide (¹⁶O¹²C³²S). Its low-cost implementation and robustness against external electrical/magnetic fields make a CSMC an attractive candidate for a high-stability clock. However, even though an invariant OCS transition frequency is used as the reference, non-idealities such as tilted baseline of spectroscopic probing and input offsets of dc amplifiers lead to the frequency error between the actual transition frequency (𝑓₀) and the detected transition frequency. Since these nonidealities are susceptible to environmental variations, it affects the long-term stability of the clock. In addition, the short-term stability of a CSMC is limited by the spectroscopic signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, the effects of noise and environmental variations on clock stability were analyzed to provide guidance for the design and optimization of CSMCs. Also, a dual-loop CSMC is demonstrated to address the issues in the previous CSMCs and further improve stability performance. The prototype chip implemented in 65nm CMOS technology achieves 2 ×10⁻¹¹ Allan Deviation at 10,000-s averaging time with 71-mW power consumption. It demonstrates that CSMCs can provide outstanding stability performance while maintaining cost, complexity, and power consumption advantages.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Kim, Minah"],"institution":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","degree_name":"Doctoral","degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Han, Ruonan","Lee, Hae-Seung"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2022,"date_issued":"2022-09","date_published":"2022-09","updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:21:28Z","subjects":[],"languages":[],"rights":["In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted","Copyright MIT"],"rights_urls":["http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147572","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Han, Ruonan","Lee, Hae-Seung"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Kim, Minah"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2023-01-19T19:59:28Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2023-01-19T19:59:28Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2022-09"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctoral","Doctor of Philosophy"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted","Copyright MIT"]},{"key":"dc:rights.uri","label":"Rights URI","values":["http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147572"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Miniaturized frequency references with high stability are crucial for applications such as navigation and wireless networking. Recently, chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) have achieved excellent stability performance by using a rotational-mode transition of gaseous carbonyl sulfide (¹⁶O¹²C³²S). Its low-cost implementation and robustness against external electrical/magnetic fields make a CSMC an attractive candidate for a high-stability clock. However, even though an invariant OCS transition frequency is used as the reference, non-idealities such as tilted baseline of spectroscopic probing and input offsets of dc amplifiers lead to the frequency error between the actual transition frequency (𝑓₀) and the detected transition frequency. Since these nonidealities are susceptible to environmental variations, it affects the long-term stability of the clock. In addition, the short-term stability of a CSMC is limited by the spectroscopic signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, the effects of noise and environmental variations on clock stability were analyzed to provide guidance for the design and optimization of CSMCs. Also, a dual-loop CSMC is demonstrated to address the issues in the previous CSMCs and further improve stability performance. The prototype chip implemented in 65nm CMOS technology achieves 2 ×10⁻¹¹ Allan Deviation at 10,000-s averaging time with 71-mW power consumption. It demonstrates that CSMCs can provide outstanding stability performance while maintaining cost, complexity, and power consumption advantages."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Design and Analysis of High-Stability THz Molecular Clock System"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Han, Ruonan","Lee, Hae-Seung"],"dc:contributor.department":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science"],"dc:creator":["Kim, Minah"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2023-01-19T19:59:28Z"],"dc:date.available":["2023-01-19T19:59:28Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2022-09"],"dc:description.abstract":["Miniaturized frequency references with high stability are crucial for applications such as navigation and wireless networking. Recently, chip-scale molecular clocks (CSMCs) have achieved excellent stability performance by using a rotational-mode transition of gaseous carbonyl sulfide (¹⁶O¹²C³²S). Its low-cost implementation and robustness against external electrical/magnetic fields make a CSMC an attractive candidate for a high-stability clock. However, even though an invariant OCS transition frequency is used as the reference, non-idealities such as tilted baseline of spectroscopic probing and input offsets of dc amplifiers lead to the frequency error between the actual transition frequency (𝑓₀) and the detected transition frequency. Since these nonidealities are susceptible to environmental variations, it affects the long-term stability of the clock. In addition, the short-term stability of a CSMC is limited by the spectroscopic signal-to-noise ratio. In this work, the effects of noise and environmental variations on clock stability were analyzed to provide guidance for the design and optimization of CSMCs. Also, a dual-loop CSMC is demonstrated to address the issues in the previous CSMCs and further improve stability performance. The prototype chip implemented in 65nm CMOS technology achieves 2 ×10⁻¹¹ Allan Deviation at 10,000-s averaging time with 71-mW power consumption. It demonstrates that CSMCs can provide outstanding stability performance while maintaining cost, complexity, and power consumption advantages."],"dc:description.degree":["Ph.D."],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/147572"],"dc:publisher":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology"],"dc:rights":["In Copyright - Educational Use Permitted","Copyright MIT"],"dc:rights.uri":["http://rightsstatements.org/page/InC-EDU/1.0/"],"dc:title":["Design and Analysis of High-Stability THz Molecular Clock System"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctoral","Doctor of Philosophy"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-22T22:21:28Z"}