Seasonal and interannual variability in the hydrology and geochemistry of an outlet glacier of the Greenland Ice Sheet

In the spring and summer within the ablation zone of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS), meltwater drains to the ice sheet bed through an evolving network of efficient channelized and inefficient distributed drainage systems. Distributed system drainage is a key component in stabilizing GrIS velocity on interannual time scales and controlling geochemical fluxes. During the spring and summer of 2011 and 2012, I conducted fieldwork at a large outlet glacier in southwest Greenland underlain by metamorphic silicate rocks. Data collected from a continuous 222Rn monitor in the proglacial river were used as a component of a mass balance model. I demonstrated that Jdis, the 222Rn fraction derived from the distributed system, was >90% of the 222Rn flux on average, and therefore, 222Rn can be used as a passive flow tracer of distributed system drainage. Supraglacial meltwater runoff estimated using two independent models was compared with ice velocity measurements across the glacier's catchment. Major spikes of Jdis, occurred after rapid supraglacial meltwater runoff inputs and during the expansion of the subglacial channelized system. While increases in meltwater runoff induced ice acceleration, they also resulted in the formation of efficient subglacial channels and increased drainage from the distributed system, mechanisms known to cause slower late summer to winter velocities. Sr, U, and Ra isotopes and major and trace element chemistry were used to investigate the impact of glacial hydrology on subglacial weathering. Analysis of partial and total digestions of the riverine suspended load (SSL) found that trace carbonates within the silicate watershed largely controlled the 'Sr/'Sr ratio in the dissolved load. Experiments and sampling transects downstream from the GrIS demonstrated that [delta]234U in the dissolved phase decreased with increasing interaction with the SSL. The (2 2 8Ra/2 26Ra) value of the dissolved load was significantly higher than that of the SSL and therefore, was not the result of the source rock material but of extensive mineral surface weathering and the faster ingrowth rate of 228Ra (t1 2=5.75 y) relative to 22 6Ra (t112=1600 y). In summary, extensive, repeated cycles of rapid supraglacial meltwater runoff to subglacial drainage networks leads to increased distributed system drainage and mineral weathering.

Department dc:contributor.department

Joint Program in Chemical Oceanography

Grantor dc:publisher

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Year dc:date.issued

2016

Author dc:creator

• Linhoff, Benjamin Shawn

Advisor dc:contributor.advisor

• Matthew A. Charette.

• Joint Program in Chemical Oceanography.
• Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences.
• Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Statement dc:rights

• M.I.T. theses are protected by copyright. They may be viewed from this source for any purpose, but reproduction or distribution in any format is prohibited without written permission. See provided URL for inquiries about permission.

Licence dc:rights.uri

• http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/7582

Language dc:language.iso

eng

Handle dc:identifier.uri

http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/103256

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/103256