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This integration is facilitated through the careful selection of fluoro-electroactive nanomaterials and cyclodextrins, enhancing selectivity. The second project explores a dual-detection sensor for nitrate ions, employing copper-modified graphitic carbon nitride to merge electrochemical and photoelectrochemical detection methods effectively. The third project outlines the development of a ratiometric sensor for diclofenac, incorporating a benzoquinone-modified mesoporous silica film, aimed at achieving unparalleled accuracy. The innovative integration of dual transduction modes within a single platform, alongside extensive optimization of nanomaterials and experimental approaches, addresses significant challenges in sensor development. 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The second project explores a dual-detection sensor for nitrate ions, employing copper-modified graphitic carbon nitride to merge electrochemical and photoelectrochemical detection methods effectively. The third project outlines the development of a ratiometric sensor for diclofenac, incorporating a benzoquinone-modified mesoporous silica film, aimed at achieving unparalleled accuracy. The innovative integration of dual transduction modes within a single platform, alongside extensive optimization of nanomaterials and experimental approaches, addresses significant challenges in sensor development. 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