{"id":{"repo_id":"milano","oai_identifier":"oai:air.unimi.it:2434/1045269"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/milano/oai:air.unimi.it:2434/1045269","repository":{"repo_id":"milano","name":"Università degli Studi di Milano","base_url":"https://air.unimi.it/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"THE HUMAN POPULATION IS AGING: HOME-BASED EXERCISE AND AMINO ACIDS SUPPLEMENTATION TO COUNTERACT THE LOSS OF MUSCLE MASS AND MUSCLE STRENGTH IN OLDER PEOPLE.","abstract":"Abstract 1: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between lower limb strength, muscle mass and composition, and balance ability in elders. Thirthy-four older participants (Age: 65.6 ± 4.73 years; male = 10 and female = 24) were assessed for muscle strength (maximal isometric strength of knee extensors and one repetition maximum by leg press, the one repetition maximum [1RM]), balance and gait capacity (Mini-BESTest), body composition by whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (obtaining Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index, ASMMI), and magnetic resonance imaging of thigh to evaluate Intermuscular Adipose Tissue (IMAT) and muscle Cross Sectional Area (CSA). Positive correlations between 1RM and ASMMI (rs = 0.64, P < .0001) and thigh CSA (rs = 0.52, P = .0017), but not with thigh IMAT, were found. In addition, significant correlations between knee extensors strength and ASMMI (rs = 0.48, P = .004) and thigh CSA (rs = 0.49, P = .0033) and IMAT (rs = -0.35, P = .043) were observed, whereas no significant correlations between the Mini-BESTest with ASMMI, thigh CSA, and IMAT were observed. Lower limb strength positively correlated with appendicular muscle mass. Further, the maximal isometric strength of knee extensors negatively correlated with thigh IMAT in elderly patients, whereas the dynamic balance ability did not correlate with any of the morphological variables of the muscle (i.e., ASMMI, CSA, and IMAT). A reduced muscle size and strength could affect movement and reduce physical function in older patients. Improving the composition and size of muscle in elder subjects could reduce frailty and risk of falls.","abstract_html":"Abstract 1: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between lower limb strength, muscle mass and composition, and balance ability in elders. Thirthy-four older participants (Age: 65.6 ± 4.73 years; male = 10 and female = 24) were assessed for muscle strength (maximal isometric strength of knee extensors and one repetition maximum by leg press, the one repetition maximum [1RM]), balance and gait capacity (Mini-BESTest), body composition by whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (obtaining Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index, ASMMI), and magnetic resonance imaging of thigh to evaluate Intermuscular Adipose Tissue (IMAT) and muscle Cross Sectional Area (CSA). Positive correlations between 1RM and ASMMI (rs = 0.64, P &lt; .0001) and thigh CSA (rs = 0.52, P = .0017), but not with thigh IMAT, were found. In addition, significant correlations between knee extensors strength and ASMMI (rs = 0.48, P = .004) and thigh CSA (rs = 0.49, P = .0033) and IMAT (rs = -0.35, P = .043) were observed, whereas no significant correlations between the Mini-BESTest with ASMMI, thigh CSA, and IMAT were observed. Lower limb strength positively correlated with appendicular muscle mass. Further, the maximal isometric strength of knee extensors negatively correlated with thigh IMAT in elderly patients, whereas the dynamic balance ability did not correlate with any of the morphological variables of the muscle (i.e., ASMMI, CSA, and IMAT). A reduced muscle size and strength could affect movement and reduce physical function in older patients. Improving the composition and size of muscle in elder subjects could reduce frailty and risk of falls.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["BORGHI, STEFANO"],"institution":"Università degli Studi di Milano","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["tutor: A. La Torre ; supervisori: R. Cordella","J. A. Vitale ; coordinatore: C. Sforza","S. Borghi","LA TORRE, ANTONIO","CODELLA, ROBERTO","SFORZA, CHIARELLA","VITALE, JACOPO ANTONINO"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2024,"date_issued":"2024-05-28","date_published":"2024-05-28","updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:19:03Z","subjects":["Aging","Muscle","Fat","Exercise","Amino acid","MRI"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess","license:Creative commons","license uri:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28","10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28"],"render_values":[{"text":"http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28","href":"http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28","code":true},{"text":"10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28","href":"https://doi.org/10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28","code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1045269","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["tutor: A. La Torre ; supervisori: R. Cordella","J. A. Vitale ; coordinatore: C. Sforza","S. Borghi","LA TORRE, ANTONIO","CODELLA, ROBERTO","SFORZA, CHIARELLA","VITALE, JACOPO ANTONINO"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["BORGHI, STEFANO"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2024-05-28"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Università degli Studi di Milano"]},{"key":"dc:relation","label":"Dc Relation","values":["numberofpages:143"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Aging","Muscle","Fat","Exercise","Amino acid","MRI"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess","license:Creative commons","license uri:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1045269","http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28","10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Abstract 1: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between lower limb strength, muscle mass and composition, and balance ability in elders. Thirthy-four older participants (Age: 65.6 ± 4.73 years; male = 10 and female = 24) were assessed for muscle strength (maximal isometric strength of knee extensors and one repetition maximum by leg press, the one repetition maximum [1RM]), balance and gait capacity (Mini-BESTest), body composition by whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (obtaining Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index, ASMMI), and magnetic resonance imaging of thigh to evaluate Intermuscular Adipose Tissue (IMAT) and muscle Cross Sectional Area (CSA). Positive correlations between 1RM and ASMMI (rs = 0.64, P < .0001) and thigh CSA (rs = 0.52, P = .0017), but not with thigh IMAT, were found. In addition, significant correlations between knee extensors strength and ASMMI (rs = 0.48, P = .004) and thigh CSA (rs = 0.49, P = .0033) and IMAT (rs = -0.35, P = .043) were observed, whereas no significant correlations between the Mini-BESTest with ASMMI, thigh CSA, and IMAT were observed. Lower limb strength positively correlated with appendicular muscle mass. Further, the maximal isometric strength of knee extensors negatively correlated with thigh IMAT in elderly patients, whereas the dynamic balance ability did not correlate with any of the morphological variables of the muscle (i.e., ASMMI, CSA, and IMAT). A reduced muscle size and strength could affect movement and reduce physical function in older patients. Improving the composition and size of muscle in elder subjects could reduce frailty and risk of falls.","Abstract 2: The aims of this cross-sectional study were to: 1) assess actigraphy-based sleep parameters; 2) assess differences in morphological parameters and physical function between short- vs normal-sleepers and poor- vs good-sleepers; 3) assess the possible correlations between sleep variables and morphological and physical function parameters in older subjects. This study enrolled 42 healthy older participants (60-80 years). Participants completed the following clinical evaluations: 1. Whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; 2. Magnetic resonance imaging acquisition to determine the cross-sectional muscle area of thigh muscles and intermuscular adipose tissue 3. Risk of fall assessment through the mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (mini-BEST); 4. Strength assessment: a) Chair-stand test; b) Handgrip strength test; 5. Sleep monitoring by actigraphy to assess total sleep time, sleep efficiency, Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO), sleep latency, fragmentation index, mobile time and subjective sleep quality. 28.6% of subjects were short-sleepers (total sleep time <6h), 19.1% were poor-sleepers (sleep efficiency<85%) and gender differences were detected in mobile time (males: 15.8±6.0; females: 13.4±6.8; p<0.001) and fragmentation index (males: 35.3±14.3; females: 29.6±14.6; p<0.001); no significant differences were observed between groups (short- vs normal-sleepers and poor- vs good-sleepers) in morphological and physical function variables; correlation analysis showed that sleep latency negatively correlated with Mini-BEST (r=-0.352; p=0.022) and a positive correlation was detected between cross-sectional muscle area and mobile time (r=0.349, p=0.023). No differences were observed in morphological and function parameters between good- vs poor-sleepers, those subjects with worse sleep onset latency (i.e. longer time to fall asleep) registered higher risk of fall.","Abstract 3: Aging causes structural and functional changes in skeletal muscle and it is associated with decreased individual quality of life. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of 24-weeks home-based resistance training program and amino acids supplementation on physical performance and muscle health in older subjects. This is a three-arms randomized-controlled study conducted at the IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant’Ambrogio (Milan, Italy) enrolling 35 healthy and sedentary older participants (age: between 60 and 80 years) that have been randomly allocated into an experimental group performing a 24-weeks resistance exercise intervention (EXE:n=11), or an experimental group performing a 24-weeks resistance exercise intervention plus an intake of amino acids for the first 12-weeks (SUPPL:n=12), or a control group (CON:n=12). At the beginning (T0), and after 24-weeks (T1), participants were assessed for muscle strength (Chair Stand Test, Handgrip Test, Maximum Isometric Strength of knee extensors and flexors, and One Repetition Maximum (1RM) by Leg-Press), balance and gait capacity (Mini-BESTest), body composition by Gold Standard assessments (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: to obtain Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (ASMMI); magnetic resonance imaging of thigh: to evaluate Intermuscular Adipose Tissue (IMAT) and muscle Cross Sectional Area (CSA)). A T1 improvement of >15% of chair stand test was achieved 9 (82%) participants of EXE, 8 (67%) participants of SUPPL and only 3 (25%) participants of CON. Chi-square test showed statistical differences between EXE vs CON (p=0.006), and SUPPL vs CON (p=0.041), but not in EXE vs SUPPL (p=0.409). Significant changes were observed from T0 to T1 in chair stand test (EXE:p=0.001; SUPPL:p=0.001), handgrip test (SUPPL:p=0.002) and 1RM (SUPPL:p=0.022). Considering % changes from T0, SUPPL had a greater improvement in handgrip test than EXE (p=0.023). Considering radiological assessments, significant changes were observed from T0 to T1 in muscle mass of lower limbs (CON:p=0.005) and ASMMI (CON:p=0.010). Considering % changes from T0, EXE had a greater increase of muscle mass of upper limbs than CON (p=0.042). It is well known that exercise and amino acids supplementation play a crucial role in maintaining good physical health and muscle mass. Data of this study demonstrated that home-based exercise could be an alternative method from traditional training practices, as it increases partially the maximal and submaximal strength of the lower and upper limbs. Furthermore, the two intervention groups maintained the baseline muscle mass while the CON group decrease significantly the ASMMI and the muscle mass of lower limbs."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["THE HUMAN POPULATION IS AGING: HOME-BASED EXERCISE AND AMINO ACIDS SUPPLEMENTATION TO COUNTERACT THE LOSS OF MUSCLE MASS AND MUSCLE STRENGTH IN OLDER PEOPLE."]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["tutor: A. La Torre ; supervisori: R. Cordella","J. A. Vitale ; coordinatore: C. Sforza","S. Borghi","LA TORRE, ANTONIO","CODELLA, ROBERTO","SFORZA, CHIARELLA","VITALE, JACOPO ANTONINO"],"dc:creator":["BORGHI, STEFANO"],"dc:date":["2024-05-28"],"dc:description":["Abstract 1: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the association between lower limb strength, muscle mass and composition, and balance ability in elders. Thirthy-four older participants (Age: 65.6 ± 4.73 years; male = 10 and female = 24) were assessed for muscle strength (maximal isometric strength of knee extensors and one repetition maximum by leg press, the one repetition maximum [1RM]), balance and gait capacity (Mini-BESTest), body composition by whole-body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (obtaining Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index, ASMMI), and magnetic resonance imaging of thigh to evaluate Intermuscular Adipose Tissue (IMAT) and muscle Cross Sectional Area (CSA). Positive correlations between 1RM and ASMMI (rs = 0.64, P < .0001) and thigh CSA (rs = 0.52, P = .0017), but not with thigh IMAT, were found. In addition, significant correlations between knee extensors strength and ASMMI (rs = 0.48, P = .004) and thigh CSA (rs = 0.49, P = .0033) and IMAT (rs = -0.35, P = .043) were observed, whereas no significant correlations between the Mini-BESTest with ASMMI, thigh CSA, and IMAT were observed. Lower limb strength positively correlated with appendicular muscle mass. Further, the maximal isometric strength of knee extensors negatively correlated with thigh IMAT in elderly patients, whereas the dynamic balance ability did not correlate with any of the morphological variables of the muscle (i.e., ASMMI, CSA, and IMAT). A reduced muscle size and strength could affect movement and reduce physical function in older patients. Improving the composition and size of muscle in elder subjects could reduce frailty and risk of falls.","Abstract 2: The aims of this cross-sectional study were to: 1) assess actigraphy-based sleep parameters; 2) assess differences in morphological parameters and physical function between short- vs normal-sleepers and poor- vs good-sleepers; 3) assess the possible correlations between sleep variables and morphological and physical function parameters in older subjects. This study enrolled 42 healthy older participants (60-80 years). Participants completed the following clinical evaluations: 1. Whole-body dual energy X-ray absorptiometry to assess the appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; 2. Magnetic resonance imaging acquisition to determine the cross-sectional muscle area of thigh muscles and intermuscular adipose tissue 3. Risk of fall assessment through the mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test (mini-BEST); 4. Strength assessment: a) Chair-stand test; b) Handgrip strength test; 5. Sleep monitoring by actigraphy to assess total sleep time, sleep efficiency, Wake After Sleep Onset (WASO), sleep latency, fragmentation index, mobile time and subjective sleep quality. 28.6% of subjects were short-sleepers (total sleep time <6h), 19.1% were poor-sleepers (sleep efficiency<85%) and gender differences were detected in mobile time (males: 15.8±6.0; females: 13.4±6.8; p<0.001) and fragmentation index (males: 35.3±14.3; females: 29.6±14.6; p<0.001); no significant differences were observed between groups (short- vs normal-sleepers and poor- vs good-sleepers) in morphological and physical function variables; correlation analysis showed that sleep latency negatively correlated with Mini-BEST (r=-0.352; p=0.022) and a positive correlation was detected between cross-sectional muscle area and mobile time (r=0.349, p=0.023). No differences were observed in morphological and function parameters between good- vs poor-sleepers, those subjects with worse sleep onset latency (i.e. longer time to fall asleep) registered higher risk of fall.","Abstract 3: Aging causes structural and functional changes in skeletal muscle and it is associated with decreased individual quality of life. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of 24-weeks home-based resistance training program and amino acids supplementation on physical performance and muscle health in older subjects. This is a three-arms randomized-controlled study conducted at the IRCCS Ospedale Galeazzi-Sant’Ambrogio (Milan, Italy) enrolling 35 healthy and sedentary older participants (age: between 60 and 80 years) that have been randomly allocated into an experimental group performing a 24-weeks resistance exercise intervention (EXE:n=11), or an experimental group performing a 24-weeks resistance exercise intervention plus an intake of amino acids for the first 12-weeks (SUPPL:n=12), or a control group (CON:n=12). At the beginning (T0), and after 24-weeks (T1), participants were assessed for muscle strength (Chair Stand Test, Handgrip Test, Maximum Isometric Strength of knee extensors and flexors, and One Repetition Maximum (1RM) by Leg-Press), balance and gait capacity (Mini-BESTest), body composition by Gold Standard assessments (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry: to obtain Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass Index (ASMMI); magnetic resonance imaging of thigh: to evaluate Intermuscular Adipose Tissue (IMAT) and muscle Cross Sectional Area (CSA)). A T1 improvement of >15% of chair stand test was achieved 9 (82%) participants of EXE, 8 (67%) participants of SUPPL and only 3 (25%) participants of CON. Chi-square test showed statistical differences between EXE vs CON (p=0.006), and SUPPL vs CON (p=0.041), but not in EXE vs SUPPL (p=0.409). Significant changes were observed from T0 to T1 in chair stand test (EXE:p=0.001; SUPPL:p=0.001), handgrip test (SUPPL:p=0.002) and 1RM (SUPPL:p=0.022). Considering % changes from T0, SUPPL had a greater improvement in handgrip test than EXE (p=0.023). Considering radiological assessments, significant changes were observed from T0 to T1 in muscle mass of lower limbs (CON:p=0.005) and ASMMI (CON:p=0.010). Considering % changes from T0, EXE had a greater increase of muscle mass of upper limbs than CON (p=0.042). It is well known that exercise and amino acids supplementation play a crucial role in maintaining good physical health and muscle mass. Data of this study demonstrated that home-based exercise could be an alternative method from traditional training practices, as it increases partially the maximal and submaximal strength of the lower and upper limbs. Furthermore, the two intervention groups maintained the baseline muscle mass while the CON group decrease significantly the ASMMI and the muscle mass of lower limbs."],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1045269","http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28","10.13130/borghi-stefano_phd2024-05-28"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:publisher":["Università degli Studi di Milano"],"dc:relation":["numberofpages:143"],"dc:rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess","license:Creative commons","license uri:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/"],"dc:subject":["Aging","Muscle","Fat","Exercise","Amino acid","MRI"],"dc:title":["THE HUMAN POPULATION IS AGING: HOME-BASED EXERCISE AND AMINO ACIDS SUPPLEMENTATION TO COUNTERACT THE LOSS OF MUSCLE MASS AND MUSCLE STRENGTH IN OLDER PEOPLE."],"dc:type":["info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:19:03Z"}