{"id":{"repo_id":"milano","oai_identifier":"oai:air.unimi.it:2434/1026030"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/milano/oai:air.unimi.it:2434/1026030","repository":{"repo_id":"milano","name":"Università degli Studi di Milano","base_url":"https://air.unimi.it/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"SYNTHESIS OF N-HETEROCYCLES VIA PALLADIUM-CATALYZED REDUCTIVE CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF NITROARENES AND NITROALKENES USING FORMIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS CO SURROGATES","abstract":"The reductive cyclization reaction of nitroarenes to produce N-heterocycles has been ‎investigated for more than four decades using CO as a cheap reductant, but it is still a ‎fascinating area for research and advancements. On the other hand, using toxic CO gas is ‎accompanied by many disadvantages. Thus, the thesis focuses on the use of phenyl formate and ‎formic acid as cheap, affordable, efficient and safe in-situ CO surrogates for the reductive ‎cyclization of various nitroarenes. Notably, in most cases, the isolated yield of the desired ‎heterocycle was higher than those previously obtained for the same reaction when gaseous CO ‎had been employed, which indicates that the use of these surrogates should not necessarily be ‎considered a second choice when the use of CO gas is not possible. A cheap thick-walled glass ‎‎“pressure tube” can be used instead of less-available autoclaves.‎","abstract_html":"The reductive cyclization reaction of nitroarenes to produce N-heterocycles has been ‎investigated for more than four decades using CO as a cheap reductant, but it is still a ‎fascinating area for research and advancements. On the other hand, using toxic CO gas is ‎accompanied by many disadvantages. Thus, the thesis focuses on the use of phenyl formate and ‎formic acid as cheap, affordable, efficient and safe in-situ CO surrogates for the reductive ‎cyclization of various nitroarenes. Notably, in most cases, the isolated yield of the desired ‎heterocycle was higher than those previously obtained for the same reaction when gaseous CO ‎had been employed, which indicates that the use of these surrogates should not necessarily be ‎considered a second choice when the use of CO gas is not possible. A cheap thick-walled glass ‎‎“pressure tube” can be used instead of less-available autoclaves.‎","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["ABDELLATIF, MANAR AHMED FOUAD"],"institution":"Università degli Studi di Milano","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["tutor: F. A. C. Ragaini ; coordinator: D. Passarella","M.A.F. Abdellatif","RAGAINI, FABIO ATTILIO CIRILLO","PASSARELLA, DANIELE"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2024,"date_issued":"2024-01-31","date_published":"2024-01-31","updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:18:51Z","subjects":["Reductive Cyclization","Reduction","Palladium","Catalysi","Heterocycle","CO","Formic Acid","Phenyl Formate","Formate Ester","Indole","Quinolone","Oxazine","Pyrrole","Nitro compounds"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31","10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31"],"render_values":[{"text":"http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31","href":"http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31","code":true},{"text":"10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31","href":"https://doi.org/10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31","code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1026030","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["tutor: F. A. C. Ragaini ; coordinator: D. Passarella","M.A.F. Abdellatif","RAGAINI, FABIO ATTILIO CIRILLO","PASSARELLA, DANIELE"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["ABDELLATIF, MANAR AHMED FOUAD"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2024-01-31"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Università degli Studi di Milano"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Reductive Cyclization","Reduction","Palladium","Catalysi","Heterocycle","CO","Formic Acid","Phenyl Formate","Formate Ester","Indole","Quinolone","Oxazine","Pyrrole","Nitro compounds"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1026030","http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31","10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["The reductive cyclization reaction of nitroarenes to produce N-heterocycles has been ‎investigated for more than four decades using CO as a cheap reductant, but it is still a ‎fascinating area for research and advancements. On the other hand, using toxic CO gas is ‎accompanied by many disadvantages. Thus, the thesis focuses on the use of phenyl formate and ‎formic acid as cheap, affordable, efficient and safe in-situ CO surrogates for the reductive ‎cyclization of various nitroarenes. Notably, in most cases, the isolated yield of the desired ‎heterocycle was higher than those previously obtained for the same reaction when gaseous CO ‎had been employed, which indicates that the use of these surrogates should not necessarily be ‎considered a second choice when the use of CO gas is not possible. A cheap thick-walled glass ‎‎“pressure tube” can be used instead of less-available autoclaves.‎"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["SYNTHESIS OF N-HETEROCYCLES VIA PALLADIUM-CATALYZED REDUCTIVE CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF NITROARENES AND NITROALKENES USING FORMIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS CO SURROGATES"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["tutor: F. A. C. Ragaini ; coordinator: D. Passarella","M.A.F. Abdellatif","RAGAINI, FABIO ATTILIO CIRILLO","PASSARELLA, DANIELE"],"dc:creator":["ABDELLATIF, MANAR AHMED FOUAD"],"dc:date":["2024-01-31"],"dc:description":["The reductive cyclization reaction of nitroarenes to produce N-heterocycles has been ‎investigated for more than four decades using CO as a cheap reductant, but it is still a ‎fascinating area for research and advancements. On the other hand, using toxic CO gas is ‎accompanied by many disadvantages. Thus, the thesis focuses on the use of phenyl formate and ‎formic acid as cheap, affordable, efficient and safe in-situ CO surrogates for the reductive ‎cyclization of various nitroarenes. Notably, in most cases, the isolated yield of the desired ‎heterocycle was higher than those previously obtained for the same reaction when gaseous CO ‎had been employed, which indicates that the use of these surrogates should not necessarily be ‎considered a second choice when the use of CO gas is not possible. A cheap thick-walled glass ‎‎“pressure tube” can be used instead of less-available autoclaves.‎"],"dc:identifier":["https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1026030","http://dx.doi.org/10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31","10.13130/abdellatif-manar-ahmed-fouad_phd2024-01-31"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:publisher":["Università degli Studi di Milano"],"dc:rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"],"dc:subject":["Reductive Cyclization","Reduction","Palladium","Catalysi","Heterocycle","CO","Formic Acid","Phenyl Formate","Formate Ester","Indole","Quinolone","Oxazine","Pyrrole","Nitro compounds"],"dc:title":["SYNTHESIS OF N-HETEROCYCLES VIA PALLADIUM-CATALYZED REDUCTIVE CYCLIZATION REACTIONS OF NITROARENES AND NITROALKENES USING FORMIC ACID DERIVATIVES AS CO SURROGATES"],"dc:type":["info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T20:18:51Z"}