Outcome 21: an examination of practice and policy as a response to adolescent nude image sharing

This research explores adolescent nude image sharing, a growing phenomenon in the digital age, through a critical examination of current legal frameworks, safeguarding responses, and the lived experiences of adolescents. Using a mixed-methods approach, the study incorporates perspectives from frontline practitioners, thematic analysis of anonymous legal advice requests, and a comprehensive evaluation of Outcome 21—a policing response designed to divert young people from formal criminal prosecution for youth-produced sexual imagery offences (YPSIOs). The findings reveal that adolescent nude sharing is often driven by developmental immaturity, emotional factors, and the unique social dynamics of digital platforms rather than a deliberate intent to engage in deviant behaviour. However, the current legal and safeguarding responses, including Outcome 21, fail to address these complexities adequately. Instead, these measures often stigmatise adolescents by labelling them as suspects, exacerbating psychological distress, including anxiety, shame, and suicidal ideation. Moreover, the inconsistent application of Outcome 21 across jurisdictions highlights significant gaps in training and understanding among practitioners. The study underscores the need for reforms prioritising education, prevention, and support over punitive measures. Key recommendations include revising laws to differentiate between malicious and non-malicious image sharing, ensuring that Outcome 21 records are expunged upon adulthood, and implementing comprehensive, age-appropriate digital literacy and online safety education starting at a younger age. The research also emphasises the role of technology companies in creating safer online environments. It calls for stricter moderation, enhanced age verification, and accountability measures to address the risks posed by unregulated digital spaces. Additionally, the study advocates for multiagency collaboration to improve safeguarding protocols and the training of frontline practitioners. This study contributes to knowledge by providing new insights into the motivations and consequences of adolescent nude sharing, critiquing existing responses, and proposing evidence-based reforms to reduce harm and safeguard adolescent well-being. It highlights the importance of a child-centred approach that balances education, legal clarity, and supportive interventions, fostering informed decision-making and resilience in the face of digital risks. By addressing systemic gaps, this research aims to shape policy and practice to reflect the realities of adolescence in a digital age, promoting both accountability and empathy in responses to youth-produced sexual imagery offences.

Name dc:type.qualificationname

PhD

Level dc:type.qualificationlevel

PhD thesis

Grantor dc:publisher.institution

Middlesex University

Year dc:date.issued

2025

Author dc:creator

• Bradbury, P.

Identifier

oai:repository.mdx.ac.uk:367y0w

OAI identifier oai:identifier

oai:repository.mdx.ac.uk:367y0w