Mechanisms by Which Exercise Training Attenuates Blood Pressure in Animals: Roles of Cytokines, Oxidative Stress, and Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3â
type: CreativeWork
description: Hypertension is a chronic multifactorial condition with high morbidity and mortality rates, currently affecting about one billion people worldwide. Currently available anti-hypertensive medications are found to be effective in reducing blood pressure (BP), but still more than 50% of those diagnosed with hypertension fail to respond to these anti-hypertensive regimens. Although hypertension has multiple etiologies, physical inactivity has been found to have strong correlation with the disease, so exercise has recently been recommended as a part of lifestyle modifications for all hypertensive patients. Therefore, the present series of in vivo and in vitro studies were undertaken to gain more insight into the effects of regular long-term exercise training (ExT) within the heart and brain of hypertensive animals with the specific aim of investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the exercise-induced beneficial effects. In the first study, we subjected young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) to moderate-intensity exercise for 16 weeks. Regular exercise delayed progression of hypertension and improved cardiac function in SHRs, and these effects were mediated by reduced myocardial pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs), NFêB activity, and improved redox homeostasis. In the second study, we found that chronic exercise not only reduces PICs and vasoconstrictor components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) but also improved anti-inflammatory cytokines (AIC) and vasodilatory axis of the RAS within the brain of SHRs. In the third study, we explored the effects of cessation of exercise (physical detraining) on these parameters. Next, we examined the role of GSK-3â in dysregulation of PICs and AIC in vitro using neuronal cell culture and in vivo using angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rat model. Finally, we investigated the effects of ExT on brain GSK-3â in hypertension and whether central GSK-3â mediates exercise-induced beneficial effects in hypertension. Collective…
abstract: Hypertension is a chronic multifactorial condition with high morbidity and mortality rates, currently affecting about one billion people worldwide. Currently available anti-hypertensive medications are found to be effective in reducing blood pressure (BP), but still more than 50% of those diagnosed with hypertension fail to respond to these anti-hypertensive regimens. Although hypertension has multiple etiologies, physical inactivity has been found to have strong correlation with the disease, so exercise has recently been recommended as a part of lifestyle modifications for all hypertensive patients. Therefore, the present series of in vivo and in vitro studies were undertaken to gain more insight into the effects of regular long-term exercise training (ExT) within the heart and brain of hypertensive animals with the specific aim of investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying the exercise-induced beneficial effects. In the first study, we subjected young spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) to moderate-intensity exercise for 16 weeks. Regular exercise delayed progression of hypertension and improved cardiac function in SHRs, and these effects were mediated by reduced myocardial pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs), NFêB activity, and improved redox homeostasis. In the second study, we found that chronic exercise not only reduces PICs and vasoconstrictor components of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) but also improved anti-inflammatory cytokines (AIC) and vasodilatory axis of the RAS within the brain of SHRs. In the third study, we explored the effects of cessation of exercise (physical detraining) on these parameters. Next, we examined the role of GSK-3â in dysregulation of PICs and AIC in vitro using neuronal cell culture and in vivo using angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rat model. Finally, we investigated the effects of ExT on brain GSK-3â in hypertension and whether central GSK-3â mediates exercise-induced beneficial effects in hypertension. Collective…
author: Agarwal, Deepmala
keywords: Exercise training, Transcription factors, Inflammatory cytokines, Heart, Brain, Hypertension
date published: 2012-01-01T08:00:00Z
date modified: 2026-07-24T02:59:15Z
provider: Lousiana State University
publisher: Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations
type: WebPage
source organization: Biomedical and Veterinary Medical Sciences - Comparative Biomedical Sciences

PropertyValue
property ID: DOI
value: 10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.1271