{"id":{"repo_id":"lsu-thes","oai_identifier":"oai:repository.lsu.edu:gradschool_dissertations-1708"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/lsu-thes/oai:repository.lsu.edu:gradschool_dissertations-1708","repository":{"repo_id":"lsu-thes","name":"Lousiana State University","base_url":"https://repository.lsu.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Virtual strings for closed curves with multiple components and filamentations for virtual links","abstract":"The theory of filaments on oriented chord diagrams can be used to detect some non-classical virtual knots. We extend existing filament techniques to virtual links with more than one component and give examples of virtual links that these techniques can detect as non-classical. Given a signed Gauss word underlying an oriented chord diagram, we describe how to construct a finite sequence of integers that encodes all of the filament information for the diagram. We also introduce a square array of integers called a MIN-square that summarizes the filament information about all of the signed Gauss words having a given Gauss word shape. A Gauss paragraph is a combinatorial formulation of a generic closed curve with multiple components on some surface. A virtual string is a collection of circles with arrows that represent the crossings of such a curve. We use the theory of virtual strings to obtain a combinatorial description of closed curves in the 2-sphere (and therefore 2-dimensional Euclidean space) in terms of Gauss paragraphs and word-wise partitions of their alphabet sets. In addition, we prove that the unordered triple consisting of the Gauss paragraph, the word-wise partition, and a related word-wise partition associated to a closed curve on the 2-sphere is a full homeomorphism invariant of the closed curve. We conclude by introducing a multi-variable polynomial that is a homotopy invariant of virtual strings with multiple circles.","abstract_html":"The theory of filaments on oriented chord diagrams can be used to detect some non-classical virtual knots. We extend existing filament techniques to virtual links with more than one component and give examples of virtual links that these techniques can detect as non-classical. Given a signed Gauss word underlying an oriented chord diagram, we describe how to construct a finite sequence of integers that encodes all of the filament information for the diagram. We also introduce a square array of integers called a MIN-square that summarizes the filament information about all of the signed Gauss words having a given Gauss word shape. A Gauss paragraph is a combinatorial formulation of a generic closed curve with multiple components on some surface. A virtual string is a collection of circles with arrows that represent the crossings of such a curve. We use the theory of virtual strings to obtain a combinatorial description of closed curves in the 2-sphere (and therefore 2-dimensional Euclidean space) in terms of Gauss paragraphs and word-wise partitions of their alphabet sets. In addition, we prove that the unordered triple consisting of the Gauss paragraph, the word-wise partition, and a related word-wise partition associated to a closed curve on the 2-sphere is a full homeomorphism invariant of the closed curve. We conclude by introducing a multi-variable polynomial that is a homotopy invariant of virtual strings with multiple circles.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Schellhorn, William"],"institution":"Mathematics","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Applied Mathematics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2005,"date_issued":"2005-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2005-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:58:17Z","subjects":["filamentations","closed curves","virtual strings","virtual links"],"languages":[],"rights":["unrestricted","Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["etd-07072005-121012","https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/709"],"render_values":[{"text":"etd-07072005-121012","href":null,"code":true},{"text":"https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/709","href":"https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/709","code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://doi.org/10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.709","outbound_label":"DOI","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Schellhorn, William"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2005-04-22"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2022-05-12T23:09:43Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Applied Mathematics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["Mathematics"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["filamentations","closed curves","virtual strings","virtual links"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["unrestricted","Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["etd-07072005-121012","10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.709","https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/709"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The theory of filaments on oriented chord diagrams can be used to detect some non-classical virtual knots. We extend existing filament techniques to virtual links with more than one component and give examples of virtual links that these techniques can detect as non-classical. Given a signed Gauss word underlying an oriented chord diagram, we describe how to construct a finite sequence of integers that encodes all of the filament information for the diagram. We also introduce a square array of integers called a MIN-square that summarizes the filament information about all of the signed Gauss words having a given Gauss word shape. A Gauss paragraph is a combinatorial formulation of a generic closed curve with multiple components on some surface. A virtual string is a collection of circles with arrows that represent the crossings of such a curve. We use the theory of virtual strings to obtain a combinatorial description of closed curves in the 2-sphere (and therefore 2-dimensional Euclidean space) in terms of Gauss paragraphs and word-wise partitions of their alphabet sets. In addition, we prove that the unordered triple consisting of the Gauss paragraph, the word-wise partition, and a related word-wise partition associated to a closed curve on the 2-sphere is a full homeomorphism invariant of the closed curve. We conclude by introducing a multi-variable polynomial that is a homotopy invariant of virtual strings with multiple circles."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Virtual strings for closed curves with multiple components and filamentations for virtual links"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Schellhorn, William"],"dc:date":["2005-04-22"],"dc:date.available":["2022-05-12T23:09:43Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The theory of filaments on oriented chord diagrams can be used to detect some non-classical virtual knots. We extend existing filament techniques to virtual links with more than one component and give examples of virtual links that these techniques can detect as non-classical. Given a signed Gauss word underlying an oriented chord diagram, we describe how to construct a finite sequence of integers that encodes all of the filament information for the diagram. We also introduce a square array of integers called a MIN-square that summarizes the filament information about all of the signed Gauss words having a given Gauss word shape. A Gauss paragraph is a combinatorial formulation of a generic closed curve with multiple components on some surface. A virtual string is a collection of circles with arrows that represent the crossings of such a curve. We use the theory of virtual strings to obtain a combinatorial description of closed curves in the 2-sphere (and therefore 2-dimensional Euclidean space) in terms of Gauss paragraphs and word-wise partitions of their alphabet sets. In addition, we prove that the unordered triple consisting of the Gauss paragraph, the word-wise partition, and a related word-wise partition associated to a closed curve on the 2-sphere is a full homeomorphism invariant of the closed curve. We conclude by introducing a multi-variable polynomial that is a homotopy invariant of virtual strings with multiple circles."],"dc:identifier":["etd-07072005-121012","10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.709","https://repository.lsu.edu/gradschool_dissertations/709"],"dc:rights":["unrestricted","Release the entire work immediately for access worldwide."],"dc:subject":["filamentations","closed curves","virtual strings","virtual links"],"dc:title":["Virtual strings for closed curves with multiple components and filamentations for virtual links"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Applied Mathematics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"],"thesis:institution_name":["Mathematics"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:58:17Z"}