Outcome following hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a neurodegenerative process caused by prolonged asphyxiation during birth, can vary between minimal impairment and cerebral palsy, mental retardation, or death (30%) (McCulloch, Taylor, & Whyte, 1991). Prognosis after HIE is often difficult to establish because traditional predictors, such as Sarnat scores, Apgar scores, and pH, do not always account for adequate variance in outcome. The prognostic utility of MR Spectroscopy in the pathogenesis of asphyxia is promising (Wyatt, 1994). Innovative research indicates that MR Spectroscopy can accurately predict outcome at one year in 91% of neonates with central nervous system injuries (Holshouser et al., 1997). The current study examined neuropsychological functioning following birth asphyxia-related HIE in nine children 3 years 4 months old to 7 years 8 months old (M = 5 years old, SD = 20 months) using ^HMRS as a predictor of outcome in the following areas: (1) memory and learning; (2) language; (3) visuospatial; (4) attention and executive functioning; and (5) sensorimotor abilities. Results found that both NAA/Cre and NAA/Cho were not correlated with outcome. Elevated Cho/Cre and lactate, however, were the most common finding among more severe HIE, with both metabolites correlated with all outcome areas.
","abstract_html":"<p>Outcome following hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a neurodegenerative process caused by prolonged asphyxiation during birth, can vary between minimal impairment and cerebral palsy, mental retardation, or death (30%) (McCulloch, Taylor, & Whyte, 1991). Prognosis after HIE is often difficult to establish because traditional predictors, such as Sarnat scores, Apgar scores, and pH, do not always account for adequate variance in outcome. The prognostic utility of MR Spectroscopy in the pathogenesis of asphyxia is promising (Wyatt, 1994). Innovative research indicates that MR Spectroscopy can accurately predict outcome at one year in 91% of neonates with central nervous system injuries (Holshouser et al., 1997). The current study examined neuropsychological functioning following birth asphyxia-related HIE in nine children 3 years 4 months old to 7 years 8 months old (M = 5 years old, SD = 20 months) using ^HMRS as a predictor of outcome in the following areas: (1) memory and learning; (2) language; (3) visuospatial; (4) attention and executive functioning; and (5) sensorimotor abilities. Results found that both NAA/Cre and NAA/Cho were not correlated with outcome. Elevated Cho/Cre and lactate, however, were the most common finding among more severe HIE, with both metabolites correlated with all outcome areas.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Gardner, Joy Michelle"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Arts (MA)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Kiti Freier","Todd Burley","Barbara Holshouser","Stanford Shu"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2003,"date_issued":"2003-03-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2003-03-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:54:17Z","subjects":["Psychology","Infant; Newborn; Neuropsychological Tests; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- methods -- trends; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain -- congenital -- diagnosis; Postnatal Care -- methods -- trends; Prenatal Care -- methods -- trends; Birth Injuries -- diagnosis -- etiology; Brain -- growth and development; Asphysia Neonatorum -- diagnosis -- etiology"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1214","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Kiti Freier","Todd Burley","Barbara Holshouser","Stanford Shu"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Gardner, Joy Michelle"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Arts (MA)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Psychology","Infant; Newborn; Neuropsychological Tests; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- methods -- trends; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain -- congenital -- diagnosis; Postnatal Care -- methods -- trends; Prenatal Care -- methods -- trends; Birth Injuries -- diagnosis -- etiology; Brain -- growth and development; Asphysia Neonatorum -- diagnosis -- etiology"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1214"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Outcome following hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a neurodegenerative process caused by prolonged asphyxiation during birth, can vary between minimal impairment and cerebral palsy, mental retardation, or death (30%) (McCulloch, Taylor, & Whyte, 1991). Prognosis after HIE is often difficult to establish because traditional predictors, such as Sarnat scores, Apgar scores, and pH, do not always account for adequate variance in outcome. The prognostic utility of MR Spectroscopy in the pathogenesis of asphyxia is promising (Wyatt, 1994). Innovative research indicates that MR Spectroscopy can accurately predict outcome at one year in 91% of neonates with central nervous system injuries (Holshouser et al., 1997). The current study examined neuropsychological functioning following birth asphyxia-related HIE in nine children 3 years 4 months old to 7 years 8 months old (M = 5 years old, SD = 20 months) using ^HMRS as a predictor of outcome in the following areas: (1) memory and learning; (2) language; (3) visuospatial; (4) attention and executive functioning; and (5) sensorimotor abilities. Results found that both NAA/Cre and NAA/Cho were not correlated with outcome. Elevated Cho/Cre and lactate, however, were the most common finding among more severe HIE, with both metabolites correlated with all outcome areas.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Neuropsychological Outcome following Perinatal HIE: Utility of MR Spectroscopy"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Kiti Freier","Todd Burley","Barbara Holshouser","Stanford Shu"],"dc:creator":["Gardner, Joy Michelle"],"dc:description.abstract":["Outcome following hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), a neurodegenerative process caused by prolonged asphyxiation during birth, can vary between minimal impairment and cerebral palsy, mental retardation, or death (30%) (McCulloch, Taylor, & Whyte, 1991). Prognosis after HIE is often difficult to establish because traditional predictors, such as Sarnat scores, Apgar scores, and pH, do not always account for adequate variance in outcome. The prognostic utility of MR Spectroscopy in the pathogenesis of asphyxia is promising (Wyatt, 1994). Innovative research indicates that MR Spectroscopy can accurately predict outcome at one year in 91% of neonates with central nervous system injuries (Holshouser et al., 1997). The current study examined neuropsychological functioning following birth asphyxia-related HIE in nine children 3 years 4 months old to 7 years 8 months old (M = 5 years old, SD = 20 months) using ^HMRS as a predictor of outcome in the following areas: (1) memory and learning; (2) language; (3) visuospatial; (4) attention and executive functioning; and (5) sensorimotor abilities. Results found that both NAA/Cre and NAA/Cho were not correlated with outcome. Elevated Cho/Cre and lactate, however, were the most common finding among more severe HIE, with both metabolites correlated with all outcome areas.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1214"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Psychology","Infant; Newborn; Neuropsychological Tests; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- methods; Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- methods -- trends; Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain -- congenital -- diagnosis; Postnatal Care -- methods -- trends; Prenatal Care -- methods -- trends; Birth Injuries -- diagnosis -- etiology; Brain -- growth and development; Asphysia Neonatorum -- diagnosis -- etiology"],"dc:title":["Neuropsychological Outcome following Perinatal HIE: Utility of MR Spectroscopy"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Arts (MA)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:54:17Z"}