The prevalence of cobalamin (Obi) deficiency among older adults is higher than among younger adults, and is estimated to be between 14% and 23%. Persistent Cbl deficiency can cause a variety of neurological deficits. Neurological dysfunction occurs commonly among older adults, raising the research question whether or not there is a relationship between the high prevalence of Cbl deficiency and neurological dysfunction among older adults.
This case-control study enrolled 120 subjects with and without neurological dysfunction through the Faculty Medical Offices' Internal Medicine and Neurology Outpatient Clinics. All subjects received a neurological and cognitive exam. Blood samples were drawn to assess serum Cbl, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and serum total homocysteine (tHcys) levels. To test the hypothesis whether Cbl deficient subjects consumed less crystalline (free) Cbl, Cbl found in fortified foods and supplements, a food frequency questionnaire was designed.
The prevalence of Cbl deficiency was 16.6% among the \"true\" controls, and 25% among the cases (Odds Ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 0.54 - 5.1). \"True\" controls had perfect neurological scores, while other control subjects had reduced vibration sense. Cbl deficiency in older adults was related to low free Cbl intake, not dietary Cbl intake. Subjects who obtained a daily average of 0 and 1.0 meg of free Cbl were most likely to be Cbl deficient (41.5%), while those who obtained 2.0 meg of free Cbl were least likely to be Cbl deficient (13%)(P=.008).
This study was unable to show that older adults with neurological dysfunction are at greater odds of a Cbl deficiency than a control group. Another study is needed to determine whether or not older adults with neurological dysfunction are at greater odds of a Cbl deficiency than a control group without reduced vibration sense. Furthermore, the relationship between reduced vibration sense in older and Cbl deficiency needs to be further investigated. Prophylactic use of Cbl containing supplements among older adults seems prudent. The current RDA of 2 meg for Cbl needs to be reevaluated in terms of crystalline Cbl and protein-bound Cbl requirements in older adults.
","abstract_html":"<p>The prevalence of cobalamin (Obi) deficiency among older adults is higher than among younger adults, and is estimated to be between 14% and 23%. Persistent Cbl deficiency can cause a variety of neurological deficits. Neurological dysfunction occurs commonly among older adults, raising the research question whether or not there is a relationship between the high prevalence of Cbl deficiency and neurological dysfunction among older adults.</p> <p>This case-control study enrolled 120 subjects with and without neurological dysfunction through the Faculty Medical Offices' Internal Medicine and Neurology Outpatient Clinics. All subjects received a neurological and cognitive exam. Blood samples were drawn to assess serum Cbl, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and serum total homocysteine (tHcys) levels. To test the hypothesis whether Cbl deficient subjects consumed less crystalline (free) Cbl, Cbl found in fortified foods and supplements, a food frequency questionnaire was designed.</p> <p>The prevalence of Cbl deficiency was 16.6% among the "true" controls, and 25% among the cases (Odds Ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 0.54 - 5.1). "True" controls had perfect neurological scores, while other control subjects had reduced vibration sense. Cbl deficiency in older adults was related to low free Cbl intake, not dietary Cbl intake. Subjects who obtained a daily average of 0 and 1.0 meg of free Cbl were most likely to be Cbl deficient (41.5%), while those who obtained 2.0 meg of free Cbl were least likely to be Cbl deficient (13%)(P=.008).</p> <p>This study was unable to show that older adults with neurological dysfunction are at greater odds of a Cbl deficiency than a control group. Another study is needed to determine whether or not older adults with neurological dysfunction are at greater odds of a Cbl deficiency than a control group without reduced vibration sense. Furthermore, the relationship between reduced vibration sense in older and Cbl deficiency needs to be further investigated. Prophylactic use of Cbl containing supplements among older adults seems prudent. The current RDA of 2 meg for Cbl needs to be reevaluated in terms of crystalline Cbl and protein-bound Cbl requirements in older adults.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Bachra, Marion"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Nutrition","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Joan Sabaté","Georgina E. Hodgkin","James P. Larsen"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1998,"date_issued":"1998-03-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"1998-03-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:54:17Z","subjects":["Human and Clinical Nutrition","Vitamin B 12 Deficiency -- complications; Nervous System Diseases; Aging -- metabolism; Nutritional Requirement -- in old age"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1161","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Joan Sabaté","Georgina E. Hodgkin","James P. Larsen"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Bachra, Marion"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Nutrition"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Human and Clinical Nutrition","Vitamin B 12 Deficiency -- complications; Nervous System Diseases; Aging -- metabolism; Nutritional Requirement -- in old age"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1161"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The prevalence of cobalamin (Obi) deficiency among older adults is higher than among younger adults, and is estimated to be between 14% and 23%. Persistent Cbl deficiency can cause a variety of neurological deficits. Neurological dysfunction occurs commonly among older adults, raising the research question whether or not there is a relationship between the high prevalence of Cbl deficiency and neurological dysfunction among older adults.
This case-control study enrolled 120 subjects with and without neurological dysfunction through the Faculty Medical Offices' Internal Medicine and Neurology Outpatient Clinics. All subjects received a neurological and cognitive exam. Blood samples were drawn to assess serum Cbl, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and serum total homocysteine (tHcys) levels. To test the hypothesis whether Cbl deficient subjects consumed less crystalline (free) Cbl, Cbl found in fortified foods and supplements, a food frequency questionnaire was designed.
The prevalence of Cbl deficiency was 16.6% among the \"true\" controls, and 25% among the cases (Odds Ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 0.54 - 5.1). \"True\" controls had perfect neurological scores, while other control subjects had reduced vibration sense. Cbl deficiency in older adults was related to low free Cbl intake, not dietary Cbl intake. Subjects who obtained a daily average of 0 and 1.0 meg of free Cbl were most likely to be Cbl deficient (41.5%), while those who obtained 2.0 meg of free Cbl were least likely to be Cbl deficient (13%)(P=.008).
This study was unable to show that older adults with neurological dysfunction are at greater odds of a Cbl deficiency than a control group. Another study is needed to determine whether or not older adults with neurological dysfunction are at greater odds of a Cbl deficiency than a control group without reduced vibration sense. Furthermore, the relationship between reduced vibration sense in older and Cbl deficiency needs to be further investigated. Prophylactic use of Cbl containing supplements among older adults seems prudent. The current RDA of 2 meg for Cbl needs to be reevaluated in terms of crystalline Cbl and protein-bound Cbl requirements in older adults.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Relationship between Cobalamin Deficiency and Neurological Dysfunction in Older Adults"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Joan Sabaté","Georgina E. Hodgkin","James P. Larsen"],"dc:creator":["Bachra, Marion"],"dc:description.abstract":["The prevalence of cobalamin (Obi) deficiency among older adults is higher than among younger adults, and is estimated to be between 14% and 23%. Persistent Cbl deficiency can cause a variety of neurological deficits. Neurological dysfunction occurs commonly among older adults, raising the research question whether or not there is a relationship between the high prevalence of Cbl deficiency and neurological dysfunction among older adults.
This case-control study enrolled 120 subjects with and without neurological dysfunction through the Faculty Medical Offices' Internal Medicine and Neurology Outpatient Clinics. All subjects received a neurological and cognitive exam. Blood samples were drawn to assess serum Cbl, methylmalonic acid (MMA), and serum total homocysteine (tHcys) levels. To test the hypothesis whether Cbl deficient subjects consumed less crystalline (free) Cbl, Cbl found in fortified foods and supplements, a food frequency questionnaire was designed.
The prevalence of Cbl deficiency was 16.6% among the \"true\" controls, and 25% among the cases (Odds Ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval = 0.54 - 5.1). \"True\" controls had perfect neurological scores, while other control subjects had reduced vibration sense. Cbl deficiency in older adults was related to low free Cbl intake, not dietary Cbl intake. Subjects who obtained a daily average of 0 and 1.0 meg of free Cbl were most likely to be Cbl deficient (41.5%), while those who obtained 2.0 meg of free Cbl were least likely to be Cbl deficient (13%)(P=.008).
This study was unable to show that older adults with neurological dysfunction are at greater odds of a Cbl deficiency than a control group. Another study is needed to determine whether or not older adults with neurological dysfunction are at greater odds of a Cbl deficiency than a control group without reduced vibration sense. Furthermore, the relationship between reduced vibration sense in older and Cbl deficiency needs to be further investigated. Prophylactic use of Cbl containing supplements among older adults seems prudent. The current RDA of 2 meg for Cbl needs to be reevaluated in terms of crystalline Cbl and protein-bound Cbl requirements in older adults.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1161"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Human and Clinical Nutrition","Vitamin B 12 Deficiency -- complications; Nervous System Diseases; Aging -- metabolism; Nutritional Requirement -- in old age"],"dc:title":["The Relationship between Cobalamin Deficiency and Neurological Dysfunction in Older Adults"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Nutrition"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:54:17Z"}