Background: European trials evaluating the effect of preoperative (PreOP) versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy (PostOP CRT) found no survival benefit. However, the effect of a change from PostOP to PreOP CRT has not been evaluated in a population-based setting. We sought to evaluate multimodal treatment changes and overall survival for perioperative (PeriOP) CRT versus surgery alone and for PreOP versus PostOP CRT from 1994 through 2009 among patients receiving radical surgery for stage II and III rectal cancer (RC).
Patients and Methods: We conducted a nonconcurrent cohort study evaluating demographic predictors of multimodal therapy for stage II and III RC using the diverse California Cancer Registry population-based data. First, we compared patients who received only surgery versus those receiving surgery plus PeriOP CRT. Second, we compared patients who received PreOP CRT with those receiving PostOP CRT. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess survival over 192 months in both study groups, adjusting for date of surgery, stage, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES).
Results: The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that PeriOP CRT was associated with lower mortality, and the hazards ratio (HR) decreased with each time period (1994-1997: HR=0.73, 0.65-0.83; 1998-2001: HR=0.66,0.60-0.73; 2002-2005: HR=0.55, 0.49-0.61; and 2006-2009: HR=0.36, 0.31-0.43) (Ptrend < 0.0001). For PreOP versus PostOP CRT, our findings showed a stepwise increase (OR, 95% Cl) in the use of PreOP CRT across three time-periods (1994-1997: OR=0.07, 0.06-0.08; 1998- 2005: OR=0.33, 0.29-0.36; 2006-2009: OR=1) which was concomitant with publication of findings from European trials. However, we did not find a clear survival benefit for PreOP versus PostOP CRT.
Conclusions: Younger age-groups were more likely to receive PeriOP and PreOP CRT. The same was true for males compared to females. Survival was significantly better among patients receiving PeriOP CRT versus surgery alone, and the survival benefit increased over the time-period of our study, suggesting CRT procedures have been modified over time. Our study identified a clear shift in timing of PeriOP CRT from PostOP to PreOP. However, we found no clear support for a survival benefit associated with this shift. Our findings are in line with the results from clinical trials.
","abstract_html":"<p><strong>Background:</strong> European trials evaluating the effect of preoperative (PreOP) versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy (PostOP CRT) found no survival benefit. However, the effect of a change from PostOP to PreOP CRT has not been evaluated in a population-based setting. We sought to evaluate multimodal treatment changes and overall survival for perioperative (PeriOP) CRT versus surgery alone and for PreOP versus PostOP CRT from 1994 through 2009 among patients receiving radical surgery for stage II and III rectal cancer (RC).</p> <p><strong>Patients and Methods</strong>: We conducted a nonconcurrent cohort study evaluating demographic predictors of multimodal therapy for stage II and III RC using the diverse California Cancer Registry population-based data. First, we compared patients who received only surgery versus those receiving surgery plus PeriOP CRT. Second, we compared patients who received PreOP CRT with those receiving PostOP CRT. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess survival over 192 months in both study groups, adjusting for date of surgery, stage, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES).</p> <p><strong>Results: </strong>The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that PeriOP CRT was associated with lower mortality, and the hazards ratio (HR) decreased with each time period (1994-1997: HR=0.73, 0.65-0.83; 1998-2001: HR=0.66,0.60-0.73; 2002-2005: HR=0.55, 0.49-0.61; and 2006-2009: HR=0.36, 0.31-0.43) (P<sub>trend</sub> < 0.0001). For PreOP versus PostOP CRT, our findings showed a stepwise increase (OR, 95% Cl) in the use of PreOP CRT across three time-periods (1994-1997: OR=0.07, 0.06-0.08; 1998- 2005: OR=0.33, 0.29-0.36; 2006-2009: OR=1) which was concomitant with publication of findings from European trials. However, we did not find a clear survival benefit for PreOP versus PostOP CRT.</p> <p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Younger age-groups were more likely to receive PeriOP and PreOP CRT. The same was true for males compared to females. Survival was significantly better among patients receiving PeriOP CRT versus surgery alone, and the survival benefit increased over the time-period of our study, suggesting CRT procedures have been modified over time. Our study identified a clear shift in timing of PeriOP CRT from PostOP to PreOP. However, we found no clear support for a survival benefit associated with this shift. Our findings are in line with the results from clinical trials.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Cho, Myung Mi"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Public Health (DrPH)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Epidemiology and Biostatistics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Raymond Knutsen","Kevork Kazanjian","John William Morgan"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2012,"date_issued":"2012-12-14T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2012-12-14T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:54:01Z","subjects":["Biostatistics","Epidemiology","Neoplasms","Survival Analysis","Rectal Neoplasms -- therapy -- California; Rectal Neoplasms -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Colonic Neoplasms -- therapy -- California; Colonic Neoplasms -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Survival Rate -- California -- 1994-2009."],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1521","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Raymond Knutsen","Kevork Kazanjian","John William Morgan"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Cho, Myung Mi"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Epidemiology and Biostatistics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Public Health (DrPH)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Biostatistics","Epidemiology","Neoplasms","Survival Analysis","Rectal Neoplasms -- therapy -- California; Rectal Neoplasms -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Colonic Neoplasms -- therapy -- California; Colonic Neoplasms -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Survival Rate -- California -- 1994-2009."]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1521"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Background: European trials evaluating the effect of preoperative (PreOP) versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy (PostOP CRT) found no survival benefit. However, the effect of a change from PostOP to PreOP CRT has not been evaluated in a population-based setting. We sought to evaluate multimodal treatment changes and overall survival for perioperative (PeriOP) CRT versus surgery alone and for PreOP versus PostOP CRT from 1994 through 2009 among patients receiving radical surgery for stage II and III rectal cancer (RC).
Patients and Methods: We conducted a nonconcurrent cohort study evaluating demographic predictors of multimodal therapy for stage II and III RC using the diverse California Cancer Registry population-based data. First, we compared patients who received only surgery versus those receiving surgery plus PeriOP CRT. Second, we compared patients who received PreOP CRT with those receiving PostOP CRT. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess survival over 192 months in both study groups, adjusting for date of surgery, stage, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES).
Results: The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that PeriOP CRT was associated with lower mortality, and the hazards ratio (HR) decreased with each time period (1994-1997: HR=0.73, 0.65-0.83; 1998-2001: HR=0.66,0.60-0.73; 2002-2005: HR=0.55, 0.49-0.61; and 2006-2009: HR=0.36, 0.31-0.43) (Ptrend < 0.0001). For PreOP versus PostOP CRT, our findings showed a stepwise increase (OR, 95% Cl) in the use of PreOP CRT across three time-periods (1994-1997: OR=0.07, 0.06-0.08; 1998- 2005: OR=0.33, 0.29-0.36; 2006-2009: OR=1) which was concomitant with publication of findings from European trials. However, we did not find a clear survival benefit for PreOP versus PostOP CRT.
Conclusions: Younger age-groups were more likely to receive PeriOP and PreOP CRT. The same was true for males compared to females. Survival was significantly better among patients receiving PeriOP CRT versus surgery alone, and the survival benefit increased over the time-period of our study, suggesting CRT procedures have been modified over time. Our study identified a clear shift in timing of PeriOP CRT from PostOP to PreOP. However, we found no clear support for a survival benefit associated with this shift. Our findings are in line with the results from clinical trials.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Evaluation of the Survival Effect for Various Treatment Modalities Among Stage II and III Rectal Cancer Patients in California, 1994-2009"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Raymond Knutsen","Kevork Kazanjian","John William Morgan"],"dc:creator":["Cho, Myung Mi"],"dc:description.abstract":["Background: European trials evaluating the effect of preoperative (PreOP) versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy (PostOP CRT) found no survival benefit. However, the effect of a change from PostOP to PreOP CRT has not been evaluated in a population-based setting. We sought to evaluate multimodal treatment changes and overall survival for perioperative (PeriOP) CRT versus surgery alone and for PreOP versus PostOP CRT from 1994 through 2009 among patients receiving radical surgery for stage II and III rectal cancer (RC).
Patients and Methods: We conducted a nonconcurrent cohort study evaluating demographic predictors of multimodal therapy for stage II and III RC using the diverse California Cancer Registry population-based data. First, we compared patients who received only surgery versus those receiving surgery plus PeriOP CRT. Second, we compared patients who received PreOP CRT with those receiving PostOP CRT. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess survival over 192 months in both study groups, adjusting for date of surgery, stage, age, gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES).
Results: The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis showed that PeriOP CRT was associated with lower mortality, and the hazards ratio (HR) decreased with each time period (1994-1997: HR=0.73, 0.65-0.83; 1998-2001: HR=0.66,0.60-0.73; 2002-2005: HR=0.55, 0.49-0.61; and 2006-2009: HR=0.36, 0.31-0.43) (Ptrend < 0.0001). For PreOP versus PostOP CRT, our findings showed a stepwise increase (OR, 95% Cl) in the use of PreOP CRT across three time-periods (1994-1997: OR=0.07, 0.06-0.08; 1998- 2005: OR=0.33, 0.29-0.36; 2006-2009: OR=1) which was concomitant with publication of findings from European trials. However, we did not find a clear survival benefit for PreOP versus PostOP CRT.
Conclusions: Younger age-groups were more likely to receive PeriOP and PreOP CRT. The same was true for males compared to females. Survival was significantly better among patients receiving PeriOP CRT versus surgery alone, and the survival benefit increased over the time-period of our study, suggesting CRT procedures have been modified over time. Our study identified a clear shift in timing of PeriOP CRT from PostOP to PreOP. However, we found no clear support for a survival benefit associated with this shift. Our findings are in line with the results from clinical trials.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/1521"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Biostatistics","Epidemiology","Neoplasms","Survival Analysis","Rectal Neoplasms -- therapy -- California; Rectal Neoplasms -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Colonic Neoplasms -- therapy -- California; Colonic Neoplasms -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local -- mortality -- statistics and numerical data -- California; Survival Rate -- California -- 1994-2009."],"dc:title":["Evaluation of the Survival Effect for Various Treatment Modalities Among Stage II and III Rectal Cancer Patients in California, 1994-2009"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Epidemiology and Biostatistics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Public Health (DrPH)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:54:01Z"}