Many orthodontists have desired to produce a permanent lengthening of a short upper lip. To produce a permanent increase in skeletal muscle mass, changes associated with hyperplasia would probably have to occur. If it would be possible to demonstrate in animals that skeletal muscle cells and corresponding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) increased with exercise, clinical studies on the upper lip would be in order.
Male Sprague Dawley albino rats were used to study the effects of exercise and normal development. Increased work load exercise of the soleus muscle was induced by cutting the tendon of the synergestic gastrocnemius. Histological sections of the soleus were used in the studies.
Changes of a 67% increase in muscle cell nuclei, a 74% increase in connective tissue cell nuclei with a 26% decrease in fiber number of the soleus found in normal development of rats taken at 24 and 80 days.
In the rats with increased work load exercise a significant increase in DNA was found by a companion study using the same animals.
It was concluded that increased DNA found in the exercised group may not necessarily indicate an increase in skeletal muscle nuclei, but more logically may represent an increase in DNA resulting from an unexpected pathological lesion.
","abstract_html":"<p>Many orthodontists have desired to produce a permanent lengthening of a short upper lip. To produce a permanent increase in skeletal muscle mass, changes associated with hyperplasia would probably have to occur. If it would be possible to demonstrate in animals that skeletal muscle cells and corresponding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) increased with exercise, clinical studies on the upper lip would be in order.</p> <p>Male Sprague Dawley albino rats were used to study the effects of exercise and normal development. Increased work load exercise of the soleus muscle was induced by cutting the tendon of the synergestic gastrocnemius. Histological sections of the soleus were used in the studies.</p> <p>Changes of a 67% increase in muscle cell nuclei, a 74% increase in connective tissue cell nuclei with a 26% decrease in fiber number of the soleus found in normal development of rats taken at 24 and 80 days.</p> <p>In the rats with increased work load exercise a significant increase in DNA was found by a companion study using the same animals.</p> <p>It was concluded that increased DNA found in the exercised group may not necessarily indicate an increase in skeletal muscle nuclei, but more logically may represent an increase in DNA resulting from an unexpected pathological lesion.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Pearson, John K."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Roland D. Walters","John P. DeVincenzo","Paul J. McMillan","Karl K. Nishimura","Virgil V. Heinrich"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1971,"date_issued":"1971-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"1971-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:53:37Z","subjects":["Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Muscles; DNA"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/943","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Roland D. Walters","John P. DeVincenzo","Paul J. McMillan","Karl K. Nishimura","Virgil V. Heinrich"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Pearson, John K."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Muscles; DNA"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/943"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Many orthodontists have desired to produce a permanent lengthening of a short upper lip. To produce a permanent increase in skeletal muscle mass, changes associated with hyperplasia would probably have to occur. If it would be possible to demonstrate in animals that skeletal muscle cells and corresponding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) increased with exercise, clinical studies on the upper lip would be in order.
Male Sprague Dawley albino rats were used to study the effects of exercise and normal development. Increased work load exercise of the soleus muscle was induced by cutting the tendon of the synergestic gastrocnemius. Histological sections of the soleus were used in the studies.
Changes of a 67% increase in muscle cell nuclei, a 74% increase in connective tissue cell nuclei with a 26% decrease in fiber number of the soleus found in normal development of rats taken at 24 and 80 days.
In the rats with increased work load exercise a significant increase in DNA was found by a companion study using the same animals.
It was concluded that increased DNA found in the exercised group may not necessarily indicate an increase in skeletal muscle nuclei, but more logically may represent an increase in DNA resulting from an unexpected pathological lesion.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Change in the Number of Fibers and Nuclei in the Rat Soleus Muscle During Normal Development and Increased Work Load Exercise"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Roland D. Walters","John P. DeVincenzo","Paul J. McMillan","Karl K. Nishimura","Virgil V. Heinrich"],"dc:creator":["Pearson, John K."],"dc:description.abstract":["Many orthodontists have desired to produce a permanent lengthening of a short upper lip. To produce a permanent increase in skeletal muscle mass, changes associated with hyperplasia would probably have to occur. If it would be possible to demonstrate in animals that skeletal muscle cells and corresponding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) increased with exercise, clinical studies on the upper lip would be in order.
Male Sprague Dawley albino rats were used to study the effects of exercise and normal development. Increased work load exercise of the soleus muscle was induced by cutting the tendon of the synergestic gastrocnemius. Histological sections of the soleus were used in the studies.
Changes of a 67% increase in muscle cell nuclei, a 74% increase in connective tissue cell nuclei with a 26% decrease in fiber number of the soleus found in normal development of rats taken at 24 and 80 days.
In the rats with increased work load exercise a significant increase in DNA was found by a companion study using the same animals.
It was concluded that increased DNA found in the exercised group may not necessarily indicate an increase in skeletal muscle nuclei, but more logically may represent an increase in DNA resulting from an unexpected pathological lesion.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/943"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Muscles; DNA"],"dc:title":["Change in the Number of Fibers and Nuclei in the Rat Soleus Muscle During Normal Development and Increased Work Load Exercise"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:53:37Z"}