Objective: To investigate the effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fat from plant versus marine sources on biochemical markers of bone turnover.
Design: Both studies were controlled, single blind, randomized trials using Latin-square crossover designs.
Subjects/Methods:Twenty-five (12 females and 13 males) and 24 (9 females and 15 males) healthy participants completed the Fish-Walnut Study and the Omega-3 Study, respectively. The Fish-Walnut Study included three diets: [1] control, [2] ALA-rich diet (1.5 oz of walnuts/day, 6 times/week), and [3] EPA/DHA-rich diet (8 oz of salmon/week). The Omega-3 Study included four diets: [1] control, [2] ALA-rich diet (42-49 g flaxseed oil/wk; lOg walnuts, 3 times/week), [3] EPA/DHA-rich diet (1.40/5.04 g EPA/DHA from microalgae oil/wk), and [4] combination diet (including both ALA and EPA/DHA diets). After a 1-week run-in phase, participants were randomly assigned to a diet for 4 weeks each for the Fish-Walnut Study and 8 weeks each for the Omega-3 Study. Biochemical markers of bone turnover [c-telopeptide (CTX); procollagen Type I N-terminal propeptide (PINT); and osteocalcin (OC)] were analyzed in serum at the end of each diet period in both studies.
Results:There were no significant changes in serum CTX, P1NP, and OC among the three diets (p > 0.05) in both studies. In the Fish-Walnut Study, there was a significant negative association between P1NP levels and age (p = 0.005). In the Omega-3 Study, there was a significant negative association between age and CTX (p
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both an ALA-rich diet and an EPA/DHA-rich diet did not alter biochemical markers of bone resorption (CTX) and formation (P1NP and OC) in healthy adults in this study design.
","abstract_html":"<p><strong>Objective:</strong> To investigate the effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fat from plant versus marine sources on biochemical markers of bone turnover.</p> <p><strong>Design:</strong> Both studies were controlled, single blind, randomized trials using Latin-square crossover designs.</p> <p><strong>Subjects/Methods:</strong>Twenty-five (12 females and 13 males) and 24 (9 females and 15 males) healthy participants completed the Fish-Walnut Study and the Omega-3 Study, respectively. The Fish-Walnut Study included three diets: [1] control, [2] ALA-rich diet (1.5 oz of walnuts/day, 6 times/week), and [3] EPA/DHA-rich diet (8 oz of salmon/week). The Omega-3 Study included four diets: [1] control, [2] ALA-rich diet (42-49 g flaxseed oil/wk; lOg walnuts, 3 times/week), [3] EPA/DHA-rich diet (1.40/5.04 g EPA/DHA from microalgae oil/wk), and [4] combination diet (including both ALA and EPA/DHA diets). After a 1-week run-in phase, participants were randomly assigned to a diet for 4 weeks each for the Fish-Walnut Study and 8 weeks each for the Omega-3 Study. Biochemical markers of bone turnover [c-telopeptide (CTX); procollagen Type I N-terminal propeptide (PINT); and osteocalcin (OC)] were analyzed in serum at the end of each diet period in both studies.</p> <p><strong>Results:</strong>There were no significant changes in serum CTX, P1NP, and OC among the three diets (p > 0.05) in both studies. In the Fish-Walnut Study, there was a significant negative association between P1NP levels and age (p = 0.005). In the Omega-3 Study, there was a significant negative association between age and CTX (p</p> <p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> Our findings suggest that both an ALA-rich diet and an EPA/DHA-rich diet did not alter biochemical markers of bone resorption (CTX) and formation (P1NP and OC) in healthy adults in this study design.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Nguyen, Lan"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Public Health (DrPH)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Nutrition","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Sujatha Rajaram","Subburaman Mohan","Joan Sabate"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2009,"date_issued":"2009-08-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2009-08-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:53:31Z","subjects":["Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition","Diet therapy -- Nutrition; Fatty acids -- Health aspects; Bones -- Metabolism; Nutritional Assessment; Dietary Fats -- metabolism; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated -- therapeutic use; Fatty Acids, Omega 3 -- therapeutic use; Fish Oils -- therapeutic use; Nuts -- therapeutic use; Plants, Edible -- therapeutic use; Bone and Bones -- metabolism; Health -- Adult; Biological Markers; Cross-Sectional Studies."],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/797","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Sujatha Rajaram","Subburaman Mohan","Joan Sabate"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Nguyen, Lan"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Nutrition"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Public Health (DrPH)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition","Diet therapy -- Nutrition; Fatty acids -- Health aspects; Bones -- Metabolism; Nutritional Assessment; Dietary Fats -- metabolism; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated -- therapeutic use; Fatty Acids, Omega 3 -- therapeutic use; Fish Oils -- therapeutic use; Nuts -- therapeutic use; Plants, Edible -- therapeutic use; Bone and Bones -- metabolism; Health -- Adult; Biological Markers; Cross-Sectional Studies."]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/797"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Objective: To investigate the effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fat from plant versus marine sources on biochemical markers of bone turnover.
Design: Both studies were controlled, single blind, randomized trials using Latin-square crossover designs.
Subjects/Methods:Twenty-five (12 females and 13 males) and 24 (9 females and 15 males) healthy participants completed the Fish-Walnut Study and the Omega-3 Study, respectively. The Fish-Walnut Study included three diets: [1] control, [2] ALA-rich diet (1.5 oz of walnuts/day, 6 times/week), and [3] EPA/DHA-rich diet (8 oz of salmon/week). The Omega-3 Study included four diets: [1] control, [2] ALA-rich diet (42-49 g flaxseed oil/wk; lOg walnuts, 3 times/week), [3] EPA/DHA-rich diet (1.40/5.04 g EPA/DHA from microalgae oil/wk), and [4] combination diet (including both ALA and EPA/DHA diets). After a 1-week run-in phase, participants were randomly assigned to a diet for 4 weeks each for the Fish-Walnut Study and 8 weeks each for the Omega-3 Study. Biochemical markers of bone turnover [c-telopeptide (CTX); procollagen Type I N-terminal propeptide (PINT); and osteocalcin (OC)] were analyzed in serum at the end of each diet period in both studies.
Results:There were no significant changes in serum CTX, P1NP, and OC among the three diets (p > 0.05) in both studies. In the Fish-Walnut Study, there was a significant negative association between P1NP levels and age (p = 0.005). In the Omega-3 Study, there was a significant negative association between age and CTX (p
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both an ALA-rich diet and an EPA/DHA-rich diet did not alter biochemical markers of bone resorption (CTX) and formation (P1NP and OC) in healthy adults in this study design.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Effects of Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fat from Plant Versus Marine Sources on Bochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Healthy Adults"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Sujatha Rajaram","Subburaman Mohan","Joan Sabate"],"dc:creator":["Nguyen, Lan"],"dc:description.abstract":["Objective: To investigate the effects of dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fat from plant versus marine sources on biochemical markers of bone turnover.
Design: Both studies were controlled, single blind, randomized trials using Latin-square crossover designs.
Subjects/Methods:Twenty-five (12 females and 13 males) and 24 (9 females and 15 males) healthy participants completed the Fish-Walnut Study and the Omega-3 Study, respectively. The Fish-Walnut Study included three diets: [1] control, [2] ALA-rich diet (1.5 oz of walnuts/day, 6 times/week), and [3] EPA/DHA-rich diet (8 oz of salmon/week). The Omega-3 Study included four diets: [1] control, [2] ALA-rich diet (42-49 g flaxseed oil/wk; lOg walnuts, 3 times/week), [3] EPA/DHA-rich diet (1.40/5.04 g EPA/DHA from microalgae oil/wk), and [4] combination diet (including both ALA and EPA/DHA diets). After a 1-week run-in phase, participants were randomly assigned to a diet for 4 weeks each for the Fish-Walnut Study and 8 weeks each for the Omega-3 Study. Biochemical markers of bone turnover [c-telopeptide (CTX); procollagen Type I N-terminal propeptide (PINT); and osteocalcin (OC)] were analyzed in serum at the end of each diet period in both studies.
Results:There were no significant changes in serum CTX, P1NP, and OC among the three diets (p > 0.05) in both studies. In the Fish-Walnut Study, there was a significant negative association between P1NP levels and age (p = 0.005). In the Omega-3 Study, there was a significant negative association between age and CTX (p
Conclusion: Our findings suggest that both an ALA-rich diet and an EPA/DHA-rich diet did not alter biochemical markers of bone resorption (CTX) and formation (P1NP and OC) in healthy adults in this study design.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/797"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Molecular, Genetic, and Biochemical Nutrition","Diet therapy -- Nutrition; Fatty acids -- Health aspects; Bones -- Metabolism; Nutritional Assessment; Dietary Fats -- metabolism; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated -- therapeutic use; Fatty Acids, Omega 3 -- therapeutic use; Fish Oils -- therapeutic use; Nuts -- therapeutic use; Plants, Edible -- therapeutic use; Bone and Bones -- metabolism; Health -- Adult; Biological Markers; Cross-Sectional Studies."],"dc:title":["The Effects of Dietary N-3 Polyunsaturated Fat from Plant Versus Marine Sources on Bochemical Markers of Bone Turnover in Healthy Adults"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Nutrition"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Public Health (DrPH)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:53:31Z"}