Despite the growing acceptance of women's sports and the increasing number of women and girls who are participating in sports, a number of negative stereotypes still exist concerning female athletes. Because the competitive, masculine nature of sports has been viewed as the antithesis of femininity, women who have actively participated in sports have often been stigmatized as \"masculine\" (Anthrop & Allison, 1983; Snyder & Kivlin, 1977). Past research has determined that female athletes do tend to possess more masculine personality traits than their non-athletic counterparts (Andre & Holland, 1995; Houseworth, Peplow, & Thirer, 1989; Marsh & Jackson, 1986; Myers & Lips, 1978). These ideas have led to research (Desertrain & Weiss, 1998; Sage & Loudermilk, 1979) examining the concept that female athletes often experience role conflict between their dual (and supposedly contradicting) roles of woman and athlete. The current study looks at the relationship between athletic participation and personality traits, gender role identification and role conflict between roles as female and athlete among young women. Additionally, it focuses on participation in individual, recreational sports including mountain biking, rock climbing, snow boarding, surfing, and wind surfing. Participants are 108 female athletes and non-athletes between the ages of 18 and 30. All participants were administered a questionnaire packet containing a demographic data sheet, the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ) (Spence, Helmreich & Holahan, 1979), and the Athletic Sex Role Conflict Inventory (ASRCI) (Sage & Loudermilk, 1979). The results indicate that female athletes and non-athletes did not differ significantly in their identification with desirable feminine traits. However, non-athletes appear to identify more strongly with non-desirable feminine traits than did athletes in this study. Additionally, female athletes in this study report significantly greater identification with desirable masculine traits and marginally significantly greater identification with undesirable masculine traits. No significant differences were reported on the ASRCI perceived and experienced role conflict scales. However differences were determined on three specific survey items, with athletes reporting greater experienced role conflict related to those items. These findings suggest the image of a female athlete who possesses a combination of powerful traits and a strong sense of self.
","abstract_html":"<p>Despite the growing acceptance of women's sports and the increasing number of women and girls who are participating in sports, a number of negative stereotypes still exist concerning female athletes. Because the competitive, masculine nature of sports has been viewed as the antithesis of femininity, women who have actively participated in sports have often been stigmatized as "masculine" (Anthrop & Allison, 1983; Snyder & Kivlin, 1977). Past research has determined that female athletes do tend to possess more masculine personality traits than their non-athletic counterparts (Andre & Holland, 1995; Houseworth, Peplow, & Thirer, 1989; Marsh & Jackson, 1986; Myers & Lips, 1978). These ideas have led to research (Desertrain & Weiss, 1998; Sage & Loudermilk, 1979) examining the concept that female athletes often experience role conflict between their dual (and supposedly contradicting) roles of woman and athlete. The current study looks at the relationship between athletic participation and personality traits, gender role identification and role conflict between roles as female and athlete among young women. Additionally, it focuses on participation in individual, recreational sports including mountain biking, rock climbing, snow boarding, surfing, and wind surfing. Participants are 108 female athletes and non-athletes between the ages of 18 and 30. All participants were administered a questionnaire packet containing a demographic data sheet, the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ) (Spence, Helmreich & Holahan, 1979), and the Athletic Sex Role Conflict Inventory (ASRCI) (Sage & Loudermilk, 1979). The results indicate that female athletes and non-athletes did not differ significantly in their identification with desirable feminine traits. However, non-athletes appear to identify more strongly with non-desirable feminine traits than did athletes in this study. Additionally, female athletes in this study report significantly greater identification with desirable masculine traits and marginally significantly greater identification with undesirable masculine traits. No significant differences were reported on the ASRCI perceived and experienced role conflict scales. However differences were determined on three specific survey items, with athletes reporting greater experienced role conflict related to those items. These findings suggest the image of a female athlete who possesses a combination of powerful traits and a strong sense of self.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Warda, Carrie Magan"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)","degree_level":"Doctoral Project","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Todd Burley","Ari Cohen","Kiti Freier","Matt Riggs"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2003,"date_issued":"2003-09-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2003-09-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:53:31Z","subjects":["Psychology","Sports Studies","Women's Studies","Stereotype (Psychology); Women -- Psychology; Sports -- Psychological aspects."],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/841","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Todd Burley","Ari Cohen","Kiti Freier","Matt Riggs"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Warda, Carrie Magan"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Doctoral Project"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Psychology","Sports Studies","Women's Studies","Stereotype (Psychology); Women -- Psychology; Sports -- Psychological aspects."]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/841"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Despite the growing acceptance of women's sports and the increasing number of women and girls who are participating in sports, a number of negative stereotypes still exist concerning female athletes. Because the competitive, masculine nature of sports has been viewed as the antithesis of femininity, women who have actively participated in sports have often been stigmatized as \"masculine\" (Anthrop & Allison, 1983; Snyder & Kivlin, 1977). Past research has determined that female athletes do tend to possess more masculine personality traits than their non-athletic counterparts (Andre & Holland, 1995; Houseworth, Peplow, & Thirer, 1989; Marsh & Jackson, 1986; Myers & Lips, 1978). These ideas have led to research (Desertrain & Weiss, 1998; Sage & Loudermilk, 1979) examining the concept that female athletes often experience role conflict between their dual (and supposedly contradicting) roles of woman and athlete. The current study looks at the relationship between athletic participation and personality traits, gender role identification and role conflict between roles as female and athlete among young women. Additionally, it focuses on participation in individual, recreational sports including mountain biking, rock climbing, snow boarding, surfing, and wind surfing. Participants are 108 female athletes and non-athletes between the ages of 18 and 30. All participants were administered a questionnaire packet containing a demographic data sheet, the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ) (Spence, Helmreich & Holahan, 1979), and the Athletic Sex Role Conflict Inventory (ASRCI) (Sage & Loudermilk, 1979). The results indicate that female athletes and non-athletes did not differ significantly in their identification with desirable feminine traits. However, non-athletes appear to identify more strongly with non-desirable feminine traits than did athletes in this study. Additionally, female athletes in this study report significantly greater identification with desirable masculine traits and marginally significantly greater identification with undesirable masculine traits. No significant differences were reported on the ASRCI perceived and experienced role conflict scales. However differences were determined on three specific survey items, with athletes reporting greater experienced role conflict related to those items. These findings suggest the image of a female athlete who possesses a combination of powerful traits and a strong sense of self.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Breaking the Stereotypes: Exploring Traits of Female Athletes"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Todd Burley","Ari Cohen","Kiti Freier","Matt Riggs"],"dc:creator":["Warda, Carrie Magan"],"dc:description.abstract":["Despite the growing acceptance of women's sports and the increasing number of women and girls who are participating in sports, a number of negative stereotypes still exist concerning female athletes. Because the competitive, masculine nature of sports has been viewed as the antithesis of femininity, women who have actively participated in sports have often been stigmatized as \"masculine\" (Anthrop & Allison, 1983; Snyder & Kivlin, 1977). Past research has determined that female athletes do tend to possess more masculine personality traits than their non-athletic counterparts (Andre & Holland, 1995; Houseworth, Peplow, & Thirer, 1989; Marsh & Jackson, 1986; Myers & Lips, 1978). These ideas have led to research (Desertrain & Weiss, 1998; Sage & Loudermilk, 1979) examining the concept that female athletes often experience role conflict between their dual (and supposedly contradicting) roles of woman and athlete. The current study looks at the relationship between athletic participation and personality traits, gender role identification and role conflict between roles as female and athlete among young women. Additionally, it focuses on participation in individual, recreational sports including mountain biking, rock climbing, snow boarding, surfing, and wind surfing. Participants are 108 female athletes and non-athletes between the ages of 18 and 30. All participants were administered a questionnaire packet containing a demographic data sheet, the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ) (Spence, Helmreich & Holahan, 1979), and the Athletic Sex Role Conflict Inventory (ASRCI) (Sage & Loudermilk, 1979). The results indicate that female athletes and non-athletes did not differ significantly in their identification with desirable feminine traits. However, non-athletes appear to identify more strongly with non-desirable feminine traits than did athletes in this study. Additionally, female athletes in this study report significantly greater identification with desirable masculine traits and marginally significantly greater identification with undesirable masculine traits. No significant differences were reported on the ASRCI perceived and experienced role conflict scales. However differences were determined on three specific survey items, with athletes reporting greater experienced role conflict related to those items. These findings suggest the image of a female athlete who possesses a combination of powerful traits and a strong sense of self.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/841"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Psychology","Sports Studies","Women's Studies","Stereotype (Psychology); Women -- Psychology; Sports -- Psychological aspects."],"dc:title":["Breaking the Stereotypes: Exploring Traits of Female Athletes"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Doctoral Project"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Psychology (PsyD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:53:31Z"}