The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study reports that childhood adversity is relatively common, often co-occurs with multiple types of exposures, and has a dose-response relationship to many leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. Although there have been mixed results regarding whether ethnicity moderates these health effects, there is evidence that Caribbean and African American ethnic groups may respond to ACEs differently than other ethnic groups. Discrimination may explain this effect moderation, as it has been consistently linked to negative mental health outcomes. Specifically, ACEs exposure may hinder mental health outcomes, and chronic discrimination exposure in minority ethnic groups may compound that effect on mental health. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between ACEs, discrimination, and mental health after controlling for age, gender, financial difficulty in childhood, financial difficulty in the last three years, and education in Caribbean Americans, African Americans, and European Americans. Results indicate that discrimination moderates the relationship between ACEs and mental health and that discrimination moderated the relationship between ethnicity and mental health. These findings suggest that targeted early intervention is needed to address compound stress exposure and that research should continue to parse out the role that cultural influences play in mental health outcomes.
","abstract_html":"<p>The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study reports that childhood adversity is relatively common, often co-occurs with multiple types of exposures, and has a dose-response relationship to many leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. Although there have been mixed results regarding whether ethnicity moderates these health effects, there is evidence that Caribbean and African American ethnic groups may respond to ACEs differently than other ethnic groups. Discrimination may explain this effect moderation, as it has been consistently linked to negative mental health outcomes. Specifically, ACEs exposure may hinder mental health outcomes, and chronic discrimination exposure in minority ethnic groups may compound that effect on mental health. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between ACEs, discrimination, and mental health after controlling for age, gender, financial difficulty in childhood, financial difficulty in the last three years, and education in Caribbean Americans, African Americans, and European Americans. Results indicate that discrimination moderates the relationship between ACEs and mental health and that discrimination moderated the relationship between ethnicity and mental health. These findings suggest that targeted early intervention is needed to address compound stress exposure and that research should continue to parse out the role that cultural influences play in mental health outcomes.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Mathis, Maleia"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Morton, Kelly R.","Marie-Mitchell, Ariane","Neece, Cameron L.","Wilson, Colwick M."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2017,"date_issued":"2017-06-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2017-06-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:45Z","subjects":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","African Americans; Adaptation; Psychological; Social Discrimination; Child; West Indian Americans;","Adverse Childhood Experiences Study; Childhood adversity; Mental Health Outcomes;"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/465","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Morton, Kelly R.","Marie-Mitchell, Ariane","Neece, Cameron L.","Wilson, Colwick M."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Mathis, Maleia"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","African Americans; Adaptation; Psychological; Social Discrimination; Child; West Indian Americans;","Adverse Childhood Experiences Study; Childhood adversity; Mental Health Outcomes;"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/465"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study reports that childhood adversity is relatively common, often co-occurs with multiple types of exposures, and has a dose-response relationship to many leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. Although there have been mixed results regarding whether ethnicity moderates these health effects, there is evidence that Caribbean and African American ethnic groups may respond to ACEs differently than other ethnic groups. Discrimination may explain this effect moderation, as it has been consistently linked to negative mental health outcomes. Specifically, ACEs exposure may hinder mental health outcomes, and chronic discrimination exposure in minority ethnic groups may compound that effect on mental health. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between ACEs, discrimination, and mental health after controlling for age, gender, financial difficulty in childhood, financial difficulty in the last three years, and education in Caribbean Americans, African Americans, and European Americans. Results indicate that discrimination moderates the relationship between ACEs and mental health and that discrimination moderated the relationship between ethnicity and mental health. These findings suggest that targeted early intervention is needed to address compound stress exposure and that research should continue to parse out the role that cultural influences play in mental health outcomes.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Effect of Discrimination on Mental Health after Adverse Childhood Experiences"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Morton, Kelly R.","Marie-Mitchell, Ariane","Neece, Cameron L.","Wilson, Colwick M."],"dc:creator":["Mathis, Maleia"],"dc:description.abstract":["The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) study reports that childhood adversity is relatively common, often co-occurs with multiple types of exposures, and has a dose-response relationship to many leading causes of morbidity and mortality in the U.S. Although there have been mixed results regarding whether ethnicity moderates these health effects, there is evidence that Caribbean and African American ethnic groups may respond to ACEs differently than other ethnic groups. Discrimination may explain this effect moderation, as it has been consistently linked to negative mental health outcomes. Specifically, ACEs exposure may hinder mental health outcomes, and chronic discrimination exposure in minority ethnic groups may compound that effect on mental health. Therefore, the present study examined the relationship between ACEs, discrimination, and mental health after controlling for age, gender, financial difficulty in childhood, financial difficulty in the last three years, and education in Caribbean Americans, African Americans, and European Americans. Results indicate that discrimination moderates the relationship between ACEs and mental health and that discrimination moderated the relationship between ethnicity and mental health. These findings suggest that targeted early intervention is needed to address compound stress exposure and that research should continue to parse out the role that cultural influences play in mental health outcomes.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/465"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","African Americans; Adaptation; Psychological; Social Discrimination; Child; West Indian Americans;","Adverse Childhood Experiences Study; Childhood adversity; Mental Health Outcomes;"],"dc:title":["The Effect of Discrimination on Mental Health after Adverse Childhood Experiences"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:45Z"}