Introduction: This study was intended to evaluate the accuracy of using panoramic radiographs to measure root length change over the course of orthodontic treatment, using intraoral scans of crowns, and a mathematical model to account for distortions in the radiographs. The study additionally evaluated whether a best-fit equation could be created from the calculated data to minimize differences to the measurements of root resorption made on CBCT scans. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients were selected who had comprehensive orthodontic treatment, and all teeth in the upper right quadrant were evaluated in this study. T1 and T2 CBCT images were compared and a change in root length was determined. T1 and T2 crown inclination changes were also measured on the CBCT scan. At T2, intraoral scans were taken of each arch and the crown heights of teeth of interest were measured. Probing depths at the direct buccal surface were recorded for teeth of interest. T1 and T2 panoramic radiographs were evaluated and a change in root length was calculated based on a mathematical model using a distortion ratio determined from measured intraoral scans of the crowns. Root resorption values were calculated by subtracting T1 total tooth length from T2 total tooth length. Results: Calculated root length change from panoramic radiographs had a trend towards being statistically significant compared to root length change when measured on CBCT scans. Using best curve equations, the disparity between the two classes of measurements could be accurately minimized, with the most accurate model fitting each tooth type individually with a unique quadratic equation. Adding probing depth and inclination changes into the mathematical models did not significantly increase accuracy. Conclusions: A clinically accurate mathematical model can successfully yield root length changes during orthodontic treatment based on measurements made on panoramic radiographs and intraoral crown length.
","abstract_html":"<p>Introduction: This study was intended to evaluate the accuracy of using panoramic radiographs to measure root length change over the course of orthodontic treatment, using intraoral scans of crowns, and a mathematical model to account for distortions in the radiographs. The study additionally evaluated whether a best-fit equation could be created from the calculated data to minimize differences to the measurements of root resorption made on CBCT scans. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients were selected who had comprehensive orthodontic treatment, and all teeth in the upper right quadrant were evaluated in this study. T1 and T2 CBCT images were compared and a change in root length was determined. T1 and T2 crown inclination changes were also measured on the CBCT scan. At T2, intraoral scans were taken of each arch and the crown heights of teeth of interest were measured. Probing depths at the direct buccal surface were recorded for teeth of interest. T1 and T2 panoramic radiographs were evaluated and a change in root length was calculated based on a mathematical model using a distortion ratio determined from measured intraoral scans of the crowns. Root resorption values were calculated by subtracting T1 total tooth length from T2 total tooth length. Results: Calculated root length change from panoramic radiographs had a trend towards being statistically significant compared to root length change when measured on CBCT scans. Using best curve equations, the disparity between the two classes of measurements could be accurately minimized, with the most accurate model fitting each tooth type individually with a unique quadratic equation. Adding probing depth and inclination changes into the mathematical models did not significantly increase accuracy. Conclusions: A clinically accurate mathematical model can successfully yield root length changes during orthodontic treatment based on measurements made on panoramic radiographs and intraoral crown length.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Wang, Elijah C."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Viecilli, Rodrigo","Caruso, Joseph M.","Rungcharassaeng, Kitichai"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2016,"date_issued":"2016-09-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2016-09-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:45Z","subjects":["Dentistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Tooth -- radiography; Cone-beam Computed Tomography; Radiography - Panoramic; Orthodontics - Corrective;","Root length measurement; Root length change; Orthodontic Treatment"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/407","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Viecilli, Rodrigo","Caruso, Joseph M.","Rungcharassaeng, Kitichai"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Wang, Elijah C."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Dentistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Tooth -- radiography; Cone-beam Computed Tomography; Radiography - Panoramic; Orthodontics - Corrective;","Root length measurement; Root length change; Orthodontic Treatment"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/407"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Introduction: This study was intended to evaluate the accuracy of using panoramic radiographs to measure root length change over the course of orthodontic treatment, using intraoral scans of crowns, and a mathematical model to account for distortions in the radiographs. The study additionally evaluated whether a best-fit equation could be created from the calculated data to minimize differences to the measurements of root resorption made on CBCT scans. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients were selected who had comprehensive orthodontic treatment, and all teeth in the upper right quadrant were evaluated in this study. T1 and T2 CBCT images were compared and a change in root length was determined. T1 and T2 crown inclination changes were also measured on the CBCT scan. At T2, intraoral scans were taken of each arch and the crown heights of teeth of interest were measured. Probing depths at the direct buccal surface were recorded for teeth of interest. T1 and T2 panoramic radiographs were evaluated and a change in root length was calculated based on a mathematical model using a distortion ratio determined from measured intraoral scans of the crowns. Root resorption values were calculated by subtracting T1 total tooth length from T2 total tooth length. Results: Calculated root length change from panoramic radiographs had a trend towards being statistically significant compared to root length change when measured on CBCT scans. Using best curve equations, the disparity between the two classes of measurements could be accurately minimized, with the most accurate model fitting each tooth type individually with a unique quadratic equation. Adding probing depth and inclination changes into the mathematical models did not significantly increase accuracy. Conclusions: A clinically accurate mathematical model can successfully yield root length changes during orthodontic treatment based on measurements made on panoramic radiographs and intraoral crown length.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["An Evaluation of Root Length Change Measurements using Intraoral Scan and Panoramic Radiographs"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Viecilli, Rodrigo","Caruso, Joseph M.","Rungcharassaeng, Kitichai"],"dc:creator":["Wang, Elijah C."],"dc:description.abstract":["Introduction: This study was intended to evaluate the accuracy of using panoramic radiographs to measure root length change over the course of orthodontic treatment, using intraoral scans of crowns, and a mathematical model to account for distortions in the radiographs. The study additionally evaluated whether a best-fit equation could be created from the calculated data to minimize differences to the measurements of root resorption made on CBCT scans. Materials and Methods: Twenty-one patients were selected who had comprehensive orthodontic treatment, and all teeth in the upper right quadrant were evaluated in this study. T1 and T2 CBCT images were compared and a change in root length was determined. T1 and T2 crown inclination changes were also measured on the CBCT scan. At T2, intraoral scans were taken of each arch and the crown heights of teeth of interest were measured. Probing depths at the direct buccal surface were recorded for teeth of interest. T1 and T2 panoramic radiographs were evaluated and a change in root length was calculated based on a mathematical model using a distortion ratio determined from measured intraoral scans of the crowns. Root resorption values were calculated by subtracting T1 total tooth length from T2 total tooth length. Results: Calculated root length change from panoramic radiographs had a trend towards being statistically significant compared to root length change when measured on CBCT scans. Using best curve equations, the disparity between the two classes of measurements could be accurately minimized, with the most accurate model fitting each tooth type individually with a unique quadratic equation. Adding probing depth and inclination changes into the mathematical models did not significantly increase accuracy. Conclusions: A clinically accurate mathematical model can successfully yield root length changes during orthodontic treatment based on measurements made on panoramic radiographs and intraoral crown length.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/407"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Dentistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Tooth -- radiography; Cone-beam Computed Tomography; Radiography - Panoramic; Orthodontics - Corrective;","Root length measurement; Root length change; Orthodontic Treatment"],"dc:title":["An Evaluation of Root Length Change Measurements using Intraoral Scan and Panoramic Radiographs"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:45Z"}