Introduction: The purpose of this retrospective study, using head and neck Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images, was to measure and compare volumetric, area, and linear changes of the pharyngeal airway space in patients treated with a MARA or Herbst Class II correction appliances. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients treated with a MARA (mean age 13.2), nine with a Herbst (mean age 12.12) , and a control group twenty-five orthodontically treated class I patients (mean age 13.11). T1 and T2 CBCT images were measured and compared between the three groups for area, length, and width measurements along the velo-, oro-, and hypopharyngeal airway as well as the overall volume. Results: The ANCOVA showed a significant decrease in the change of B length in the MARA and Herbst groups compared to the control group (P=.003). An additional ANCOVA taking gender, expansion, skeletal and dental classifications into account showed no significant changes in all the measurements in the treatment and control groups. Conclusions: The MARA and Herbst appliance did not show any significant changes in the overall volume, areas, or linear measurements along the pharyngeal airway.
","abstract_html":"<p>Introduction: The purpose of this retrospective study, using head and neck Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images, was to measure and compare volumetric, area, and linear changes of the pharyngeal airway space in patients treated with a MARA or Herbst Class II correction appliances. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients treated with a MARA (mean age 13.2), nine with a Herbst (mean age 12.12) , and a control group twenty-five orthodontically treated class I patients (mean age 13.11). T1 and T2 CBCT images were measured and compared between the three groups for area, length, and width measurements along the velo-, oro-, and hypopharyngeal airway as well as the overall volume. Results: The ANCOVA showed a significant decrease in the change of B length in the MARA and Herbst groups compared to the control group (P=.003). An additional ANCOVA taking gender, expansion, skeletal and dental classifications into account showed no significant changes in all the measurements in the treatment and control groups. Conclusions: The MARA and Herbst appliance did not show any significant changes in the overall volume, areas, or linear measurements along the pharyngeal airway.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Peterson, Scott T."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Olson, Gregory","Caruso, Joseph M.","Farrage, James"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2016,"date_issued":"2016-09-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2016-09-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:38Z","subjects":["Dentistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Cone-beam Computed Tomography; Orthodontic Appliances - Functional; Pharynx;","Pharyngeal Airway;"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/404","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Olson, Gregory","Caruso, Joseph M.","Farrage, James"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Peterson, Scott T."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Dentistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Cone-beam Computed Tomography; Orthodontic Appliances - Functional; Pharynx;","Pharyngeal Airway;"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/404"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Introduction: The purpose of this retrospective study, using head and neck Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images, was to measure and compare volumetric, area, and linear changes of the pharyngeal airway space in patients treated with a MARA or Herbst Class II correction appliances. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients treated with a MARA (mean age 13.2), nine with a Herbst (mean age 12.12) , and a control group twenty-five orthodontically treated class I patients (mean age 13.11). T1 and T2 CBCT images were measured and compared between the three groups for area, length, and width measurements along the velo-, oro-, and hypopharyngeal airway as well as the overall volume. Results: The ANCOVA showed a significant decrease in the change of B length in the MARA and Herbst groups compared to the control group (P=.003). An additional ANCOVA taking gender, expansion, skeletal and dental classifications into account showed no significant changes in all the measurements in the treatment and control groups. Conclusions: The MARA and Herbst appliance did not show any significant changes in the overall volume, areas, or linear measurements along the pharyngeal airway.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["A CBCT Study of Pharyngeal Airway Changes Due to Fixed Functional Appliances"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Olson, Gregory","Caruso, Joseph M.","Farrage, James"],"dc:creator":["Peterson, Scott T."],"dc:description.abstract":["Introduction: The purpose of this retrospective study, using head and neck Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images, was to measure and compare volumetric, area, and linear changes of the pharyngeal airway space in patients treated with a MARA or Herbst Class II correction appliances. Materials and Methods: Twenty-six patients treated with a MARA (mean age 13.2), nine with a Herbst (mean age 12.12) , and a control group twenty-five orthodontically treated class I patients (mean age 13.11). T1 and T2 CBCT images were measured and compared between the three groups for area, length, and width measurements along the velo-, oro-, and hypopharyngeal airway as well as the overall volume. Results: The ANCOVA showed a significant decrease in the change of B length in the MARA and Herbst groups compared to the control group (P=.003). An additional ANCOVA taking gender, expansion, skeletal and dental classifications into account showed no significant changes in all the measurements in the treatment and control groups. Conclusions: The MARA and Herbst appliance did not show any significant changes in the overall volume, areas, or linear measurements along the pharyngeal airway.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/404"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Dentistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Cone-beam Computed Tomography; Orthodontic Appliances - Functional; Pharynx;","Pharyngeal Airway;"],"dc:title":["A CBCT Study of Pharyngeal Airway Changes Due to Fixed Functional Appliances"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:38Z"}