Pancreatic cancer is a deadly and aggressive disease. The only option for metastatic pancreatic cancer is chemotherapy where only the antimetabolites gemcitabine (Gem) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) are used clinically. However, resistance to these antimetabolites remains a problem highlighting the need to discover and develop new antimetabolites that will improve a patient’s overall survival. Cancer is a disease that has acquired numerous molecular, biochemical and cellular changes. Resistance to apoptosis is one of the characteristics of cancer, of which the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins plays an important role. It has also been shown that cancer cells secrete vesicles called tumor exosomes (TEX) which are loaded with bioactive molecules which strongly influences the tumor microenvironment. Both protein and mRNA of the IAP Survivin, cIAP1, cIAP2 and XIAP are released into the extracellular space by not only the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1, but also from other cancer and non-cancer cell lines. IAP release may play an important role in pancreatic cancer’s lack of response to antimetabolite agents and eventual progression to chemoresistance. These findings can be used to design and develop novel compounds that can be used in combination with Gem or 5FU which are designed to target exosomes, in particular IAP packaging, which may make a vital impact in the treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer.
","abstract_html":"<p>Pancreatic cancer is a deadly and aggressive disease. The only option for metastatic pancreatic cancer is chemotherapy where only the antimetabolites gemcitabine (Gem) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) are used clinically. However, resistance to these antimetabolites remains a problem highlighting the need to discover and develop new antimetabolites that will improve a patient’s overall survival. Cancer is a disease that has acquired numerous molecular, biochemical and cellular changes. Resistance to apoptosis is one of the characteristics of cancer, of which the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins plays an important role. It has also been shown that cancer cells secrete vesicles called tumor exosomes (TEX) which are loaded with bioactive molecules which strongly influences the tumor microenvironment. Both protein and mRNA of the IAP Survivin, cIAP1, cIAP2 and XIAP are released into the extracellular space by not only the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1, but also from other cancer and non-cancer cell lines. IAP release may play an important role in pancreatic cancer’s lack of response to antimetabolite agents and eventual progression to chemoresistance. These findings can be used to design and develop novel compounds that can be used in combination with Gem or 5FU which are designed to target exosomes, in particular IAP packaging, which may make a vital impact in the treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Valenzuela, Malyn May Asuncion"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Dissertation","degree_discipline":"Basic Sciences","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Wall, Nathan R.","Buchholz, John N.","Neidigh, Jonathan W.","Payne, Kimberly J.","Perry, Christopher C."],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2015,"date_issued":"2015-03-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2015-03-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:27Z","subjects":["Medical Biochemistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Neoplasms; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; Antigens - Neoplasm; Cell Line - Tumor; Cell Cycle; Exosomes; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1; RNA Interference; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Polymerase Chain Reaction","Pancreatic Cancer; Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer; Tumor Exosomes; Antimetabolite Agents; Chemoresistance"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/267","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Wall, Nathan R.","Buchholz, John N.","Neidigh, Jonathan W.","Payne, Kimberly J.","Perry, Christopher C."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Valenzuela, Malyn May Asuncion"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Basic Sciences"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Dissertation"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Medical Biochemistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Neoplasms; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; Antigens - Neoplasm; Cell Line - Tumor; Cell Cycle; Exosomes; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1; RNA Interference; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Polymerase Chain Reaction","Pancreatic Cancer; Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer; Tumor Exosomes; Antimetabolite Agents; Chemoresistance"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/267"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Pancreatic cancer is a deadly and aggressive disease. The only option for metastatic pancreatic cancer is chemotherapy where only the antimetabolites gemcitabine (Gem) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) are used clinically. However, resistance to these antimetabolites remains a problem highlighting the need to discover and develop new antimetabolites that will improve a patient’s overall survival. Cancer is a disease that has acquired numerous molecular, biochemical and cellular changes. Resistance to apoptosis is one of the characteristics of cancer, of which the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins plays an important role. It has also been shown that cancer cells secrete vesicles called tumor exosomes (TEX) which are loaded with bioactive molecules which strongly influences the tumor microenvironment. Both protein and mRNA of the IAP Survivin, cIAP1, cIAP2 and XIAP are released into the extracellular space by not only the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1, but also from other cancer and non-cancer cell lines. IAP release may play an important role in pancreatic cancer’s lack of response to antimetabolite agents and eventual progression to chemoresistance. These findings can be used to design and develop novel compounds that can be used in combination with Gem or 5FU which are designed to target exosomes, in particular IAP packaging, which may make a vital impact in the treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Existence of Inhibitor of Apoptosis in Tumor Exosomes"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Wall, Nathan R.","Buchholz, John N.","Neidigh, Jonathan W.","Payne, Kimberly J.","Perry, Christopher C."],"dc:creator":["Valenzuela, Malyn May Asuncion"],"dc:description.abstract":["Pancreatic cancer is a deadly and aggressive disease. The only option for metastatic pancreatic cancer is chemotherapy where only the antimetabolites gemcitabine (Gem) and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) are used clinically. However, resistance to these antimetabolites remains a problem highlighting the need to discover and develop new antimetabolites that will improve a patient’s overall survival. Cancer is a disease that has acquired numerous molecular, biochemical and cellular changes. Resistance to apoptosis is one of the characteristics of cancer, of which the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family of proteins plays an important role. It has also been shown that cancer cells secrete vesicles called tumor exosomes (TEX) which are loaded with bioactive molecules which strongly influences the tumor microenvironment. Both protein and mRNA of the IAP Survivin, cIAP1, cIAP2 and XIAP are released into the extracellular space by not only the pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1, but also from other cancer and non-cancer cell lines. IAP release may play an important role in pancreatic cancer’s lack of response to antimetabolite agents and eventual progression to chemoresistance. These findings can be used to design and develop novel compounds that can be used in combination with Gem or 5FU which are designed to target exosomes, in particular IAP packaging, which may make a vital impact in the treatment for metastatic pancreatic cancer.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/267"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Medical Biochemistry","Medicine and Health Sciences","Neoplasms; Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins; Antigens - Neoplasm; Cell Line - Tumor; Cell Cycle; Exosomes; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factors; Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 1; RNA Interference; Matrix Metalloproteinases; Polymerase Chain Reaction","Pancreatic Cancer; Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer; Tumor Exosomes; Antimetabolite Agents; Chemoresistance"],"dc:title":["Existence of Inhibitor of Apoptosis in Tumor Exosomes"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Basic Sciences"],"thesis:degree_level":["Dissertation"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:27Z"}