Psychological services have become increasingly important and accepted. The increase in the utilization of services has led to third party payers (e.g., insurance companies) paying more in reimbursement to providers of psychological services and therefore tightening parameters regarding how many sessions will be reimbursed. With the pressure from third party payers, a standardized means of monitoring client’s progress in treatment has become necessary. The goal of the current study was to determine whether (1) the trajectories of Outcome Questionnaire 45 (OQ-45) and Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) scores are the same over time, and if the Session Rating Scale (SRS) predicts subsequent scores for both the (2) OQ-45 and (3) ORS. Data was collected from adults seeking psychological services provided by doctoral students at the Loma Linda University Behavioral Health Institute. We conducted a series of multilevel models for longitudinal data for our first hypothesis and simple regression analyses for our second and third hypotheses. Due to the non-significant relationship between OQ-45 and ORS scores, our first hypothesis, which stated that scores on the OQ-45 and the ORS change at the same rate over time, was not supported, p > .05. We conducted a simple linear regression for our second and third hypotheses, which state that the SRS would predict the score of the subsequent sessions OQ-45 and ORS, respectively. Results indicated that scores on the SRS did not explain a significant amount of the variance in OQ-45 scores, p > .05. However, results indicated that scores on the SRS explained a significant amount of the variance of the subsequent sessions ORS scores (R2 = .065). Specifically, as SRS scores increase by one point, ORS scores increase by .403 points, 95% CI [.045, .762], p < .05.
","abstract_html":"<p>Psychological services have become increasingly important and accepted. The increase in the utilization of services has led to third party payers (e.g., insurance companies) paying more in reimbursement to providers of psychological services and therefore tightening parameters regarding how many sessions will be reimbursed. With the pressure from third party payers, a standardized means of monitoring client’s progress in treatment has become necessary. The goal of the current study was to determine whether (1) the trajectories of Outcome Questionnaire 45 (OQ-45) and Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) scores are the same over time, and if the Session Rating Scale (SRS) predicts subsequent scores for both the (2) OQ-45 and (3) ORS. Data was collected from adults seeking psychological services provided by doctoral students at the Loma Linda University Behavioral Health Institute. We conducted a series of multilevel models for longitudinal data for our first hypothesis and simple regression analyses for our second and third hypotheses. Due to the non-significant relationship between OQ-45 and ORS scores, our first hypothesis, which stated that scores on the OQ-45 and the ORS change at the same rate over time, was not supported, p > .05. We conducted a simple linear regression for our second and third hypotheses, which state that the SRS would predict the score of the subsequent sessions OQ-45 and ORS, respectively. Results indicated that scores on the SRS did not explain a significant amount of the variance in OQ-45 scores, p > .05. However, results indicated that scores on the SRS explained a significant amount of the variance of the subsequent sessions ORS scores (R2 = .065). Specifically, as SRS scores increase by one point, ORS scores increase by .403 points, 95% CI [.045, .762], p < .05.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Lima, Evan"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Vermeersch, David A.","Arechiga, Adam L.","Neece, Cameron"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2015,"date_issued":"2015-06-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2015-06-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:27Z","subjects":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Psychotherapy; Professional-Patient Relations; Patient Satisfaction; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Psychometrics; Factor Analysis - Statistical","Outcome Questionnaire 45; Outcome Rating Scale; Session Rating Scale; Linear Regression; Patient Progress"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/255","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Vermeersch, David A.","Arechiga, Adam L.","Neece, Cameron"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Lima, Evan"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Psychotherapy; Professional-Patient Relations; Patient Satisfaction; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Psychometrics; Factor Analysis - Statistical","Outcome Questionnaire 45; Outcome Rating Scale; Session Rating Scale; Linear Regression; Patient Progress"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/255"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Psychological services have become increasingly important and accepted. The increase in the utilization of services has led to third party payers (e.g., insurance companies) paying more in reimbursement to providers of psychological services and therefore tightening parameters regarding how many sessions will be reimbursed. With the pressure from third party payers, a standardized means of monitoring client’s progress in treatment has become necessary. The goal of the current study was to determine whether (1) the trajectories of Outcome Questionnaire 45 (OQ-45) and Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) scores are the same over time, and if the Session Rating Scale (SRS) predicts subsequent scores for both the (2) OQ-45 and (3) ORS. Data was collected from adults seeking psychological services provided by doctoral students at the Loma Linda University Behavioral Health Institute. We conducted a series of multilevel models for longitudinal data for our first hypothesis and simple regression analyses for our second and third hypotheses. Due to the non-significant relationship between OQ-45 and ORS scores, our first hypothesis, which stated that scores on the OQ-45 and the ORS change at the same rate over time, was not supported, p > .05. We conducted a simple linear regression for our second and third hypotheses, which state that the SRS would predict the score of the subsequent sessions OQ-45 and ORS, respectively. Results indicated that scores on the SRS did not explain a significant amount of the variance in OQ-45 scores, p > .05. However, results indicated that scores on the SRS explained a significant amount of the variance of the subsequent sessions ORS scores (R2 = .065). Specifically, as SRS scores increase by one point, ORS scores increase by .403 points, 95% CI [.045, .762], p < .05.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Relationship among Psychotherapy Measurements: Predictors of ORS and OQ-45 Scores"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Vermeersch, David A.","Arechiga, Adam L.","Neece, Cameron"],"dc:creator":["Lima, Evan"],"dc:description.abstract":["Psychological services have become increasingly important and accepted. The increase in the utilization of services has led to third party payers (e.g., insurance companies) paying more in reimbursement to providers of psychological services and therefore tightening parameters regarding how many sessions will be reimbursed. With the pressure from third party payers, a standardized means of monitoring client’s progress in treatment has become necessary. The goal of the current study was to determine whether (1) the trajectories of Outcome Questionnaire 45 (OQ-45) and Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) scores are the same over time, and if the Session Rating Scale (SRS) predicts subsequent scores for both the (2) OQ-45 and (3) ORS. Data was collected from adults seeking psychological services provided by doctoral students at the Loma Linda University Behavioral Health Institute. We conducted a series of multilevel models for longitudinal data for our first hypothesis and simple regression analyses for our second and third hypotheses. Due to the non-significant relationship between OQ-45 and ORS scores, our first hypothesis, which stated that scores on the OQ-45 and the ORS change at the same rate over time, was not supported, p > .05. We conducted a simple linear regression for our second and third hypotheses, which state that the SRS would predict the score of the subsequent sessions OQ-45 and ORS, respectively. Results indicated that scores on the SRS did not explain a significant amount of the variance in OQ-45 scores, p > .05. However, results indicated that scores on the SRS explained a significant amount of the variance of the subsequent sessions ORS scores (R2 = .065). Specifically, as SRS scores increase by one point, ORS scores increase by .403 points, 95% CI [.045, .762], p < .05.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/255"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Psychotherapy; Professional-Patient Relations; Patient Satisfaction; Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale; Psychometrics; Factor Analysis - Statistical","Outcome Questionnaire 45; Outcome Rating Scale; Session Rating Scale; Linear Regression; Patient Progress"],"dc:title":["Relationship among Psychotherapy Measurements: Predictors of ORS and OQ-45 Scores"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:27Z"}