Literature examining the factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory – Revised (PPI-R) has yielded mixed results. This study attempted to examine the three proposed factor structures (one-, two-, or three-) for the PPI-R utilizing a mixed gender undergraduate sample. Results demonstrated poor fit for each of the three proposed factor structures within the present sample. Post-hoc exploratory factor analysis of the PPI-R items revealed that seven of the eight original subscales from the measure were found to be salient. Rebellious nonconformity was the only subscale that was not able to be extracted. Furthermore, only 81 out of the 131 measure items loaded saliently onto each factor. These findings suggest that subscale scores be utilized, in addition to factor scores, when measuring psychopathic traits, as expression of psychopathy may differ depending on sample characteristics.
","abstract_html":"<p>Literature examining the factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory – Revised (PPI-R) has yielded mixed results. This study attempted to examine the three proposed factor structures (one-, two-, or three-) for the PPI-R utilizing a mixed gender undergraduate sample. Results demonstrated poor fit for each of the three proposed factor structures within the present sample. Post-hoc exploratory factor analysis of the PPI-R items revealed that seven of the eight original subscales from the measure were found to be salient. Rebellious nonconformity was the only subscale that was not able to be extracted. Furthermore, only 81 out of the 131 measure items loaded saliently onto each factor. These findings suggest that subscale scores be utilized, in addition to factor scores, when measuring psychopathic traits, as expression of psychopathy may differ depending on sample characteristics.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Llamas, Veronica Claudia"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Haerich, Paul E.","Burley, Todd D.","Mallery, Suzanne T.","Vermeersch, David"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2014,"date_issued":"2014-06-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2014-06-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:15Z","subjects":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Psychopaths; Antisocial Personality Disorders; Personality--Psychology; Personality Assessment Inventory; Psychometrics","Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised","Factor Structures","Psychopathic Traits","Psychopathy"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/167","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Haerich, Paul E.","Burley, Todd D.","Mallery, Suzanne T.","Vermeersch, David"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Llamas, Veronica Claudia"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Psychopaths; Antisocial Personality Disorders; Personality--Psychology; Personality Assessment Inventory; Psychometrics","Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised","Factor Structures","Psychopathic Traits","Psychopathy"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/167"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Literature examining the factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory – Revised (PPI-R) has yielded mixed results. This study attempted to examine the three proposed factor structures (one-, two-, or three-) for the PPI-R utilizing a mixed gender undergraduate sample. Results demonstrated poor fit for each of the three proposed factor structures within the present sample. Post-hoc exploratory factor analysis of the PPI-R items revealed that seven of the eight original subscales from the measure were found to be salient. Rebellious nonconformity was the only subscale that was not able to be extracted. Furthermore, only 81 out of the 131 measure items loaded saliently onto each factor. These findings suggest that subscale scores be utilized, in addition to factor scores, when measuring psychopathic traits, as expression of psychopathy may differ depending on sample characteristics.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["PPI-R: Factor Structure in a Diverse Subclinical Sample"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Haerich, Paul E.","Burley, Todd D.","Mallery, Suzanne T.","Vermeersch, David"],"dc:creator":["Llamas, Veronica Claudia"],"dc:description.abstract":["Literature examining the factor structure of the Psychopathic Personality Inventory – Revised (PPI-R) has yielded mixed results. This study attempted to examine the three proposed factor structures (one-, two-, or three-) for the PPI-R utilizing a mixed gender undergraduate sample. Results demonstrated poor fit for each of the three proposed factor structures within the present sample. Post-hoc exploratory factor analysis of the PPI-R items revealed that seven of the eight original subscales from the measure were found to be salient. Rebellious nonconformity was the only subscale that was not able to be extracted. Furthermore, only 81 out of the 131 measure items loaded saliently onto each factor. These findings suggest that subscale scores be utilized, in addition to factor scores, when measuring psychopathic traits, as expression of psychopathy may differ depending on sample characteristics.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/167"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Clinical Psychology","Psychology","Social and Behavioral Sciences","Psychopaths; Antisocial Personality Disorders; Personality--Psychology; Personality Assessment Inventory; Psychometrics","Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised","Factor Structures","Psychopathic Traits","Psychopathy"],"dc:title":["PPI-R: Factor Structure in a Diverse Subclinical Sample"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:15Z"}