{"id":{"repo_id":"loma-linda","oai_identifier":"oai:scholarsrepository.llu.edu:etd-1065"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/loma-linda/oai:scholarsrepository.llu.edu:etd-1065","repository":{"repo_id":"loma-linda","name":"Loma Linda University","base_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Sleeping Tongue Posture and Its Relationship to Craniofacial Morphology","abstract":"Introduction: There exists good consensus in the literature supporting the notion that resting tongue posture is an important factor in dental arch development and maintenance as well as airway control. What has yet to be quantitatively measured is the duration of time that a subconscious, resting tongue posture is maintained and whether such posture differs among various craniofacial morphologies. Quantifiable measurements might allow for prediction of tongue-posture-related problems specific to certain facial types. Purpose: The objective of this study was to record sleeping tongue posture over time in 27 subjects and to compare findings with craniofacial morphology determined by cephalometric and model analysis. Methods: A sample of 27 subjects (11 female, 16 male) slept for three nights each while wearing an intraoral, tongue-posture-monitoring device. Tongue posture indices (TPI) were calculated for each night and compared with vertical and transverse skeletal measurements taken from a lateral cephalograph and plaster study models. Results: Nonparametric correlations demonstrated that average TPI is significantly and inversely correlated with palatal height, ratio of palatal height/palatal width, and lower face height (p < .002, .001, 028 respectively). Independent samples median tests showed that TPI was significantly lower for subjects that snore, breathe through their mouth and nose, and sleep on their back (p < .037, .057, .096 respectively). Conclusions: Variability in sleeping tongue posture exists between people of differing facial morphologies. Sleeping tongue posture also appears to vary depending on sleeping position, breathing modality, and tendency to snore.","abstract_html":"Introduction: There exists good consensus in the literature supporting the notion that resting tongue posture is an important factor in dental arch development and maintenance as well as airway control. What has yet to be quantitatively measured is the duration of time that a subconscious, resting tongue posture is maintained and whether such posture differs among various craniofacial morphologies. Quantifiable measurements might allow for prediction of tongue-posture-related problems specific to certain facial types. Purpose: The objective of this study was to record sleeping tongue posture over time in 27 subjects and to compare findings with craniofacial morphology determined by cephalometric and model analysis. Methods: A sample of 27 subjects (11 female, 16 male) slept for three nights each while wearing an intraoral, tongue-posture-monitoring device. Tongue posture indices (TPI) were calculated for each night and compared with vertical and transverse skeletal measurements taken from a lateral cephalograph and plaster study models. Results: Nonparametric correlations demonstrated that average TPI is significantly and inversely correlated with palatal height, ratio of palatal height/palatal width, and lower face height (p < .002, .001, 028 respectively). Independent samples median tests showed that TPI was significantly lower for subjects that snore, breathe through their mouth and nose, and sleep on their back (p < .037, .057, .096 respectively). Conclusions: Variability in sleeping tongue posture exists between people of differing facial morphologies. Sleeping tongue posture also appears to vary depending on sleeping position, breathing modality, and tendency to snore.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Tingey, Brent J."],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science (MS)","degree_level":"Thesis","degree_discipline":"Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Caruso, Joseph","Farrage, James R.","V. Leroy Leggitt"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2011,"date_issued":"2011-09-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2011-09-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:08Z","subjects":["Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Other Dentistry","Dental Arch;","Sleeping Tongue Posture","Craniofacial Morphology","Tongue posture indices (TPI)","Dental Arch Development","Airway control","Resting Tongue Posture","Palatal height","Palatal width"],"languages":["English"],"rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/66","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Caruso, Joseph","Farrage, James R.","V. Leroy Leggitt"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Tingey, Brent J."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science (MS)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Other Dentistry","Dental Arch;","Sleeping Tongue Posture","Craniofacial Morphology","Tongue posture indices (TPI)","Dental Arch Development","Airway control","Resting Tongue Posture","Palatal height","Palatal width"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["English"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/66"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Introduction: There exists good consensus in the literature supporting the notion that resting tongue posture is an important factor in dental arch development and maintenance as well as airway control. What has yet to be quantitatively measured is the duration of time that a subconscious, resting tongue posture is maintained and whether such posture differs among various craniofacial morphologies. Quantifiable measurements might allow for prediction of tongue-posture-related problems specific to certain facial types. Purpose: The objective of this study was to record sleeping tongue posture over time in 27 subjects and to compare findings with craniofacial morphology determined by cephalometric and model analysis. Methods: A sample of 27 subjects (11 female, 16 male) slept for three nights each while wearing an intraoral, tongue-posture-monitoring device. Tongue posture indices (TPI) were calculated for each night and compared with vertical and transverse skeletal measurements taken from a lateral cephalograph and plaster study models. Results: Nonparametric correlations demonstrated that average TPI is significantly and inversely correlated with palatal height, ratio of palatal height/palatal width, and lower face height (p < .002, .001, 028 respectively). Independent samples median tests showed that TPI was significantly lower for subjects that snore, breathe through their mouth and nose, and sleep on their back (p < .037, .057, .096 respectively). Conclusions: Variability in sleeping tongue posture exists between people of differing facial morphologies. Sleeping tongue posture also appears to vary depending on sleeping position, breathing modality, and tendency to snore."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Sleeping Tongue Posture and Its Relationship to Craniofacial Morphology"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Caruso, Joseph","Farrage, James R.","V. Leroy Leggitt"],"dc:creator":["Tingey, Brent J."],"dc:description.abstract":["Introduction: There exists good consensus in the literature supporting the notion that resting tongue posture is an important factor in dental arch development and maintenance as well as airway control. What has yet to be quantitatively measured is the duration of time that a subconscious, resting tongue posture is maintained and whether such posture differs among various craniofacial morphologies. Quantifiable measurements might allow for prediction of tongue-posture-related problems specific to certain facial types. Purpose: The objective of this study was to record sleeping tongue posture over time in 27 subjects and to compare findings with craniofacial morphology determined by cephalometric and model analysis. Methods: A sample of 27 subjects (11 female, 16 male) slept for three nights each while wearing an intraoral, tongue-posture-monitoring device. Tongue posture indices (TPI) were calculated for each night and compared with vertical and transverse skeletal measurements taken from a lateral cephalograph and plaster study models. Results: Nonparametric correlations demonstrated that average TPI is significantly and inversely correlated with palatal height, ratio of palatal height/palatal width, and lower face height (p < .002, .001, 028 respectively). Independent samples median tests showed that TPI was significantly lower for subjects that snore, breathe through their mouth and nose, and sleep on their back (p < .037, .057, .096 respectively). Conclusions: Variability in sleeping tongue posture exists between people of differing facial morphologies. Sleeping tongue posture also appears to vary depending on sleeping position, breathing modality, and tendency to snore."],"dc:identifier":["https://scholarsrepository.llu.edu/etd/66"],"dc:language":["English"],"dc:rights":["This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has granted Loma Linda University a limited, non-exclusive right to make this publication available to the public. The author retains all other copyrights."],"dc:subject":["Orthodontics and Orthodontology","Other Dentistry","Dental Arch;","Sleeping Tongue Posture","Craniofacial Morphology","Tongue posture indices (TPI)","Dental Arch Development","Airway control","Resting Tongue Posture","Palatal height","Palatal width"],"dc:title":["Sleeping Tongue Posture and Its Relationship to Craniofacial Morphology"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science (MS)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:52:08Z"}