Etude de l'assainissement non collectif en Afrique Subsaharienne : Application à la ville de Bujumbura
Summary On-site sanitation sector in sub-Saharan African is a complex area that requires the involvement of a multidimensional approach mobilizing various actors and competencies. The main purpose of this thesis is to conduct a study integrating the three links in the sanitation chain that compose the on-site sanitation sector, namely the upstream links regarding sanitation facilities installed at private homes, the intermediate link for evacuation of sludge and transport to a treatment site and the downstream link for disposal and treatment sludge. A sociological approach mobilizing both survey techniques and on-site observation has allowed understanding the on-site sanitation practices in the field of developing countries. Methodologies to initiate corrective action with respect to what is done so far are utilized. Such as a method for evaluating on-site sanitation using an indicator that is a combination of indicators developed taking into account the entire sanitation sector. At the same time, a procedure to select sanitation technologies based on a number of criteria was adopted. The proposed technologies as well as criteria used for their implementation follow the same logic as previously, i.e. that consisting of taking into account the entire sanitation sector. This study also examined the design procedure of the septic tank and of evaluated its performance on site given that it is used in many sanitation systems. Settling column tests were carried out show that the effluent who enters in the septic tank settles well but settable solids remain in the effluent leaving the septic tank remaining, parameter that needs to be taken into account in the establishment of the infiltration bed after the septic tank. Quantification of sludge accumulation rates in the septic tank shows that for a pump out period every 4 years, the design can be based on an average sludge accumulation rate of 0.22L/person/day. These values (as expressed in g COD/person/day) are useful both to assess withdrawal, but also to design sludge's disposal site. Analyses of these sludges reveal a poorly biodegradable product with a non-biodegradable COD fraction reaching 47.5%, thus as a product with a low methanogenic potential, limiting the interest of its application in anaerobic digestion as a substrate. But, their co-treatment with organic solids waste in a partial anaerobic co-digestion process followed by composting. In this case sludges are considered as digestion inoculums. Preliminary results are encouraging, particularly in terms of total time needed for the entire process. Among other advantages, this process reduces handling of the waste being processed and provides two end products directly recoverable: compost and methane. So we hope that this research will contribute to the establishment in African countries for more efficient on-site sanitation, able to meet the targets set by international organizations.
Assainissement non collectif, biodégradabilité, boue de Vidange, co-digestion, indicateur d'assainissement, taux d'accumulation, Life sciences, Environmental sciences & ecology, Sciences du vivant, Sciences de l’environnement & écologie
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