Investigations Into the Function of Elp3 in Toxoplasma Gondii
The parasite Toxoplasma gondii causes life-threatening infection in immunocompromised individuals. Our lab has determined that Toxoplasma Elongator protein-3 (TgElp3) is required for parasite viability. While catalytic domains are conserved, TgElp3 is the only component of the six-subunit Elongator complex present in Toxoplasma; moreover, TgElp3 localizes to the outer mitochondria membrane (OMM). These unusual features suggest that TgElp3 may have unique roles in parasite biology that could be useful in drug targeting. The goals of this thesis were to determine the function of TgElp3 and how the protein traffics to the OMM. In other species, Elp3 mediates lysine acetylation of histones and alphatubulin, and its radical S-adenosyl methionine (rSAM) domain is important for the formation of tRNA modifications, which enhance translation efficiency and fidelity. Given its location, histones would not be an expected substrate, and we further determined that tubulin acetylation in Toxoplasma is mediated by a different enzyme, TgATAT. We found that overexpression of TgElp3 at the parasite’s mitochondrion results in a significant replication defect, but overexpression of TgElp3 lacking the transmembrane domain (TMD) or with a mutant rSAM domain is tolerated. We identified one such modification, 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2thiouridine (mcm5S2U) that is likely mediated by TgElp3. These findings signify the importance of TgElp3’s rSAM domain for protein function, and confirms TgElp3 activity at the OMM is essential for Toxoplasma viability as previously reported. To determine how TgElp3 traffics to the OMM, we performed a bioinformatics survey that discovered over 50 additional “tail-anchored” proteins present in Toxoplasma. Mutational analyses found that targeting of these TA proteins to specific parasite organelles was strongly influenced by the TMD sequence, including charge of the flanking C-terminal sequence.
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