{"id":{"repo_id":"houston","oai_identifier":"oai:uh-ir.tdl.org:10657/5469"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/houston/oai:uh-ir.tdl.org:10657/5469","repository":{"repo_id":"houston","name":"University of Houston","base_url":"https://uh-ir.tdl.org/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Essays on Consumer Shopping Behavior over the Business Cycle and Wage Income Smoothing","abstract":"It consists of two essays. The first essay studies if and how consumers search for low prices (bargains). Using a panel of prices and quantities of consumer purchases measured at the UPC-level, I find that consumers paid lower prices after the Great Recession which is interpreted as an outcome of increased search intensity. There is large heterogeneity among consumers. I categorize consumers, by year, into three types by the degree of search intensity: bargain hunters, average consumers, and inattentive shoppers and find that consumer types are not very persistent. Further,I find that consumers rationally search for lower prices for product categories of which they consume a lot while they search less for lower prices for products they consume less of. I write a simple model of shopping time allocation for two goods which rationalizes that consumers will search more intensively for lower prices on the good on which they spends more. In addition, I find evidence that in the recession consumers pay more shopping trips and visit more stores to search for bargains. In the second essay, Adopting the framework of Asdrubali, Sorensen and Yosha (1996), I identity three channels of wage income smoothing: net taxes, employers, and interstate commuting income. They smooth 1.8%, 55.1% and 3.0%, respectively, of shocks to Gross State Product (GSP). 40.1% of shocks are not smoothed. I split the sample into four non-overlapping time periods and find the shares of net taxes on production and employers change significantly over time. Lastly, I test the asymmetry of wage income smoothing over the business cycle. The responses of wage incomes to GSP shocks exhibit a reversed \\rockets and feathers" feature, i.e. wage incomes respond stronger and faster to negative shocks than positive shocks.","abstract_html":"It consists of two essays. The first essay studies if and how consumers search for low prices (bargains). Using a panel of prices and quantities of consumer purchases measured at the UPC-level, I find that consumers paid lower prices after the Great Recession which is interpreted as an outcome of increased search intensity. There is large heterogeneity among consumers. I categorize consumers, by year, into three types by the degree of search intensity: bargain hunters, average consumers, and inattentive shoppers and find that consumer types are not very persistent. Further,I find that consumers rationally search for lower prices for product categories of which they consume a lot while they search less for lower prices for products they consume less of. I write a simple model of shopping time allocation for two goods which rationalizes that consumers will search more intensively for lower prices on the good on which they spends more. In addition, I find evidence that in the recession consumers pay more shopping trips and visit more stores to search for bargains. In the second essay, Adopting the framework of Asdrubali, Sorensen and Yosha (1996), I identity three channels of wage income smoothing: net taxes, employers, and interstate commuting income. They smooth 1.8%, 55.1% and 3.0%, respectively, of shocks to Gross State Product (GSP). 40.1% of shocks are not smoothed. I split the sample into four non-overlapping time periods and find the shares of net taxes on production and employers change significantly over time. Lastly, I test the asymmetry of wage income smoothing over the business cycle. The responses of wage incomes to GSP shocks exhibit a reversed \\rockets and feathers" feature, i.e. wage incomes respond stronger and faster to negative shocks than positive shocks.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Long, Wen"],"institution":"University of Houston","degree_name":"Doctor of Philosophy","degree_level":"Doctoral","degree_discipline":"Economics","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Sorensen, Bent E."],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":["Craig, Steven Gael","Vollrath, Dietrich E.","Luengo-Prado, María José"],"year":2015,"date_issued":"2015-05","date_published":"2015-05","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:32:47Z","subjects":["Risk-sharing","Consumer behavior","Shopping"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["The author of this work is the copyright owner. UH Libraries and the Texas Digital Library have their permission to store and provide access to this work. Further transmission, reproduction, or presentation of this work is prohibited except with permission of the author(s)."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/10657/5469","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Sorensen, Bent E."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Craig, Steven Gael","Vollrath, Dietrich E.","Luengo-Prado, María José"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Long, Wen"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2019-11-20T00:17:30Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2019-11-20T00:17:30Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2015-05"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Economics"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Doctoral"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Doctor of Philosophy"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Houston"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Risk-sharing","Consumer behavior","Shopping"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["The author of this work is the copyright owner. UH Libraries and the Texas Digital Library have their permission to store and provide access to this work. Further transmission, reproduction, or presentation of this work is prohibited except with permission of the author(s)."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://hdl.handle.net/10657/5469"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["It consists of two essays. The first essay studies if and how consumers search for low prices (bargains). Using a panel of prices and quantities of consumer purchases measured at the UPC-level, I find that consumers paid lower prices after the Great Recession which is interpreted as an outcome of increased search intensity. There is large heterogeneity among consumers. I categorize consumers, by year, into three types by the degree of search intensity: bargain hunters, average consumers, and inattentive shoppers and find that consumer types are not very persistent. Further,I find that consumers rationally search for lower prices for product categories of which they consume a lot while they search less for lower prices for products they consume less of. I write a simple model of shopping time allocation for two goods which rationalizes that consumers will search more intensively for lower prices on the good on which they spends more. In addition, I find evidence that in the recession consumers pay more shopping trips and visit more stores to search for bargains. In the second essay, Adopting the framework of Asdrubali, Sorensen and Yosha (1996), I identity three channels of wage income smoothing: net taxes, employers, and interstate commuting income. They smooth 1.8%, 55.1% and 3.0%, respectively, of shocks to Gross State Product (GSP). 40.1% of shocks are not smoothed. I split the sample into four non-overlapping time periods and find the shares of net taxes on production and employers change significantly over time. Lastly, I test the asymmetry of wage income smoothing over the business cycle. The responses of wage incomes to GSP shocks exhibit a reversed \\rockets and feathers" feature, i.e. wage incomes respond stronger and faster to negative shocks than positive shocks."]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Essays on Consumer Shopping Behavior over the Business Cycle and Wage Income Smoothing"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Sorensen, Bent E."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Craig, Steven Gael","Vollrath, Dietrich E.","Luengo-Prado, María José"],"dc:creator":["Long, Wen"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2019-11-20T00:17:30Z"],"dc:date.available":["2019-11-20T00:17:30Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2015-05"],"dc:description.abstract":["It consists of two essays. The first essay studies if and how consumers search for low prices (bargains). Using a panel of prices and quantities of consumer purchases measured at the UPC-level, I find that consumers paid lower prices after the Great Recession which is interpreted as an outcome of increased search intensity. There is large heterogeneity among consumers. I categorize consumers, by year, into three types by the degree of search intensity: bargain hunters, average consumers, and inattentive shoppers and find that consumer types are not very persistent. Further,I find that consumers rationally search for lower prices for product categories of which they consume a lot while they search less for lower prices for products they consume less of. I write a simple model of shopping time allocation for two goods which rationalizes that consumers will search more intensively for lower prices on the good on which they spends more. In addition, I find evidence that in the recession consumers pay more shopping trips and visit more stores to search for bargains. In the second essay, Adopting the framework of Asdrubali, Sorensen and Yosha (1996), I identity three channels of wage income smoothing: net taxes, employers, and interstate commuting income. They smooth 1.8%, 55.1% and 3.0%, respectively, of shocks to Gross State Product (GSP). 40.1% of shocks are not smoothed. I split the sample into four non-overlapping time periods and find the shares of net taxes on production and employers change significantly over time. Lastly, I test the asymmetry of wage income smoothing over the business cycle. The responses of wage incomes to GSP shocks exhibit a reversed \\rockets and feathers" feature, i.e. wage incomes respond stronger and faster to negative shocks than positive shocks."],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://hdl.handle.net/10657/5469"],"dc:language.iso":["eng"],"dc:rights":["The author of this work is the copyright owner. UH Libraries and the Texas Digital Library have their permission to store and provide access to this work. Further transmission, reproduction, or presentation of this work is prohibited except with permission of the author(s)."],"dc:subject":["Risk-sharing","Consumer behavior","Shopping"],"dc:title":["Essays on Consumer Shopping Behavior over the Business Cycle and Wage Income Smoothing"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Economics"],"thesis:degree_level":["Doctoral"],"thesis:degree_name":["Doctor of Philosophy"],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Houston"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:32:47Z"}