{"id":{"repo_id":"houston","oai_identifier":"oai:uh-ir.tdl.org:10657/2626"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/houston/oai:uh-ir.tdl.org:10657/2626","repository":{"repo_id":"houston","name":"University of Houston","base_url":"https://uh-ir.tdl.org/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Optimization of Medication Delivery Robot Use Using Lean Methodology in a Veterans Affairs Academic Medical Center","abstract":"PURPOSE: The purpose of the retrospective process improvement study was to optimize the functionality of four upgraded medication delivery robots (MDRs) in the inpatient pharmacy of the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center from a previous state of two robots. The primary endpoint was to reduce medication delivery time to the nursing units. Secondary endpoints include the volume of missing doses and cost-savings post implementation. METHODS: Our pharmacy technology project management incorporated principles of lean and six sigma methodologies to refine value-added processes and eliminate any waste. We assessed medication delivery times and missing doses reports by pharmacy shift, by time and day of week and by nursing unit destinations of the previous two robots before implementation of the new upgraded MDRs. Nursing staff from various units and pharmacy staff on various shifts completed a voice of customer survey to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the previous two MDRs. Using data from previous robot use and the SWOT analysis, a taskforce of pharmacy managers, staff pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, a nurse, and a systems redesign facilitator convened weekly between November 2013 and February 2014 to determine optimal use of the four new upgraded medication delivery robots. The committee executed the Plan-Do-Study-Act model to conduct pilot projects that refined robot parking spots, increased robot use, scheduled timed deliveries, and allocated specific robots for certain nursing units or medications. The committee evaluated medication delivery time reports and feedback from pharmacy and nursing staff one week after each implemented pilot project to assess if the piloted idea met the intent of reducing delivery time without negatively impacting staff work-load. RESULTS: Pilot project efforts reduced average delivery time to nursing units from 34 minutes and 43 seconds (std dev 19 mins, 15 seconds) to 27 minutes and 39 seconds (std dev 15 mins, 40 seconds). In addition to medication delivery time, a 0.12% change in missing doses was observed, which equates to 3,539 fewer missing doses per year (p<0.0005). The investment of 4 new robots was fully paid for the tenth fiscal year after implementation via FTE salary-savings (equivalent to 1.5 FTE) generated from the additional mileage traveled by the 2 added robots, the repurposing of 1 IV room pharmacy delivery technician FTE, and time savings from the reduction in missing dose volume. When quantified, these factors demonstrated financial gains that surpassed the steep upfront costs of implementation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the use of Lean and six-sigma methodologies facilitated the optimization of the four new medication delivery robots in the MEDVAMC inpatient pharmacy. Pilot efforts yielded time savings for time to medication delivery. As the first study to be conducted in a VA setting, this research contributes to the current body of literature on medication delivery robots in that it supplies targeted interventions to optimize MDR use and is the first of its kind to quantify cost savings on missing doses as a secondary benefit. DISCLOSURES: None.","abstract_html":"PURPOSE: The purpose of the retrospective process improvement study was to optimize the functionality of four upgraded medication delivery robots (MDRs) in the inpatient pharmacy of the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center from a previous state of two robots. The primary endpoint was to reduce medication delivery time to the nursing units. Secondary endpoints include the volume of missing doses and cost-savings post implementation. METHODS: Our pharmacy technology project management incorporated principles of lean and six sigma methodologies to refine value-added processes and eliminate any waste. We assessed medication delivery times and missing doses reports by pharmacy shift, by time and day of week and by nursing unit destinations of the previous two robots before implementation of the new upgraded MDRs. Nursing staff from various units and pharmacy staff on various shifts completed a voice of customer survey to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the previous two MDRs. Using data from previous robot use and the SWOT analysis, a taskforce of pharmacy managers, staff pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, a nurse, and a systems redesign facilitator convened weekly between November 2013 and February 2014 to determine optimal use of the four new upgraded medication delivery robots. The committee executed the Plan-Do-Study-Act model to conduct pilot projects that refined robot parking spots, increased robot use, scheduled timed deliveries, and allocated specific robots for certain nursing units or medications. The committee evaluated medication delivery time reports and feedback from pharmacy and nursing staff one week after each implemented pilot project to assess if the piloted idea met the intent of reducing delivery time without negatively impacting staff work-load. RESULTS: Pilot project efforts reduced average delivery time to nursing units from 34 minutes and 43 seconds (std dev 19 mins, 15 seconds) to 27 minutes and 39 seconds (std dev 15 mins, 40 seconds). In addition to medication delivery time, a 0.12% change in missing doses was observed, which equates to 3,539 fewer missing doses per year (p<0.0005). The investment of 4 new robots was fully paid for the tenth fiscal year after implementation via FTE salary-savings (equivalent to 1.5 FTE) generated from the additional mileage traveled by the 2 added robots, the repurposing of 1 IV room pharmacy delivery technician FTE, and time savings from the reduction in missing dose volume. When quantified, these factors demonstrated financial gains that surpassed the steep upfront costs of implementation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the use of Lean and six-sigma methodologies facilitated the optimization of the four new medication delivery robots in the MEDVAMC inpatient pharmacy. Pilot efforts yielded time savings for time to medication delivery. As the first study to be conducted in a VA setting, this research contributes to the current body of literature on medication delivery robots in that it supplies targeted interventions to optimize MDR use and is the first of its kind to quantify cost savings on missing doses as a secondary benefit. DISCLOSURES: None.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Desai, Avani S."],"institution":"University of Houston","degree_name":"Master of Science","degree_level":"Masters","degree_discipline":"Pharmacy Administration","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Pitman, Paige"],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":["Garey, Kevin W.","Fase, Brian","Gossai, Thani","Harris, Timothy","Pritchard, F. Lamar"],"year":2014,"date_issued":"2014-05","date_published":"2014-05","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:32:54Z","subjects":["Medication delivery robot","Robotic courier","Pharmacy medication delivery","Medication transport"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["The author of this work is the copyright owner. UH Libraries and the Texas Digital Library have their permission to store and provide access to this work. Further transmission, reproduction, or presentation of this work is prohibited except with permission of the author(s)."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10657/2626","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Pitman, Paige"]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Garey, Kevin W.","Fase, Brian","Gossai, Thani","Harris, Timothy","Pritchard, F. Lamar"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Desai, Avani S."]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2018-03-01T17:17:10Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2018-03-01T17:17:10Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2014-05"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Pharmacy Administration"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Masters"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science"]},{"key":"thesis:institution_name","label":"Thesis Institution Name","values":["University of Houston"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Medication delivery robot","Robotic courier","Pharmacy medication delivery","Medication transport"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["The author of this work is the copyright owner. UH Libraries and the Texas Digital Library have their permission to store and provide access to this work. Further transmission, reproduction, or presentation of this work is prohibited except with permission of the author(s)."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10657/2626"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["PURPOSE: The purpose of the retrospective process improvement study was to optimize the functionality of four upgraded medication delivery robots (MDRs) in the inpatient pharmacy of the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center from a previous state of two robots. The primary endpoint was to reduce medication delivery time to the nursing units. Secondary endpoints include the volume of missing doses and cost-savings post implementation. METHODS: Our pharmacy technology project management incorporated principles of lean and six sigma methodologies to refine value-added processes and eliminate any waste. We assessed medication delivery times and missing doses reports by pharmacy shift, by time and day of week and by nursing unit destinations of the previous two robots before implementation of the new upgraded MDRs. Nursing staff from various units and pharmacy staff on various shifts completed a voice of customer survey to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the previous two MDRs. Using data from previous robot use and the SWOT analysis, a taskforce of pharmacy managers, staff pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, a nurse, and a systems redesign facilitator convened weekly between November 2013 and February 2014 to determine optimal use of the four new upgraded medication delivery robots. The committee executed the Plan-Do-Study-Act model to conduct pilot projects that refined robot parking spots, increased robot use, scheduled timed deliveries, and allocated specific robots for certain nursing units or medications. The committee evaluated medication delivery time reports and feedback from pharmacy and nursing staff one week after each implemented pilot project to assess if the piloted idea met the intent of reducing delivery time without negatively impacting staff work-load. RESULTS: Pilot project efforts reduced average delivery time to nursing units from 34 minutes and 43 seconds (std dev 19 mins, 15 seconds) to 27 minutes and 39 seconds (std dev 15 mins, 40 seconds). In addition to medication delivery time, a 0.12% change in missing doses was observed, which equates to 3,539 fewer missing doses per year (p<0.0005). The investment of 4 new robots was fully paid for the tenth fiscal year after implementation via FTE salary-savings (equivalent to 1.5 FTE) generated from the additional mileage traveled by the 2 added robots, the repurposing of 1 IV room pharmacy delivery technician FTE, and time savings from the reduction in missing dose volume. When quantified, these factors demonstrated financial gains that surpassed the steep upfront costs of implementation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the use of Lean and six-sigma methodologies facilitated the optimization of the four new medication delivery robots in the MEDVAMC inpatient pharmacy. Pilot efforts yielded time savings for time to medication delivery. As the first study to be conducted in a VA setting, this research contributes to the current body of literature on medication delivery robots in that it supplies targeted interventions to optimize MDR use and is the first of its kind to quantify cost savings on missing doses as a secondary benefit. DISCLOSURES: None."]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Optimization of Medication Delivery Robot Use Using Lean Methodology in a Veterans Affairs Academic Medical Center"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Pitman, Paige"],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Garey, Kevin W.","Fase, Brian","Gossai, Thani","Harris, Timothy","Pritchard, F. Lamar"],"dc:creator":["Desai, Avani S."],"dc:date.accessioned":["2018-03-01T17:17:10Z"],"dc:date.available":["2018-03-01T17:17:10Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2014-05"],"dc:description.abstract":["PURPOSE: The purpose of the retrospective process improvement study was to optimize the functionality of four upgraded medication delivery robots (MDRs) in the inpatient pharmacy of the Michael E. DeBakey Veterans Affairs Medical Center from a previous state of two robots. The primary endpoint was to reduce medication delivery time to the nursing units. Secondary endpoints include the volume of missing doses and cost-savings post implementation. METHODS: Our pharmacy technology project management incorporated principles of lean and six sigma methodologies to refine value-added processes and eliminate any waste. We assessed medication delivery times and missing doses reports by pharmacy shift, by time and day of week and by nursing unit destinations of the previous two robots before implementation of the new upgraded MDRs. Nursing staff from various units and pharmacy staff on various shifts completed a voice of customer survey to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) of the previous two MDRs. Using data from previous robot use and the SWOT analysis, a taskforce of pharmacy managers, staff pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, a nurse, and a systems redesign facilitator convened weekly between November 2013 and February 2014 to determine optimal use of the four new upgraded medication delivery robots. The committee executed the Plan-Do-Study-Act model to conduct pilot projects that refined robot parking spots, increased robot use, scheduled timed deliveries, and allocated specific robots for certain nursing units or medications. The committee evaluated medication delivery time reports and feedback from pharmacy and nursing staff one week after each implemented pilot project to assess if the piloted idea met the intent of reducing delivery time without negatively impacting staff work-load. RESULTS: Pilot project efforts reduced average delivery time to nursing units from 34 minutes and 43 seconds (std dev 19 mins, 15 seconds) to 27 minutes and 39 seconds (std dev 15 mins, 40 seconds). In addition to medication delivery time, a 0.12% change in missing doses was observed, which equates to 3,539 fewer missing doses per year (p<0.0005). The investment of 4 new robots was fully paid for the tenth fiscal year after implementation via FTE salary-savings (equivalent to 1.5 FTE) generated from the additional mileage traveled by the 2 added robots, the repurposing of 1 IV room pharmacy delivery technician FTE, and time savings from the reduction in missing dose volume. When quantified, these factors demonstrated financial gains that surpassed the steep upfront costs of implementation. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the use of Lean and six-sigma methodologies facilitated the optimization of the four new medication delivery robots in the MEDVAMC inpatient pharmacy. Pilot efforts yielded time savings for time to medication delivery. As the first study to be conducted in a VA setting, this research contributes to the current body of literature on medication delivery robots in that it supplies targeted interventions to optimize MDR use and is the first of its kind to quantify cost savings on missing doses as a secondary benefit. DISCLOSURES: None."],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10657/2626"],"dc:language.iso":["eng"],"dc:rights":["The author of this work is the copyright owner. UH Libraries and the Texas Digital Library have their permission to store and provide access to this work. Further transmission, reproduction, or presentation of this work is prohibited except with permission of the author(s)."],"dc:subject":["Medication delivery robot","Robotic courier","Pharmacy medication delivery","Medication transport"],"dc:title":["Optimization of Medication Delivery Robot Use Using Lean Methodology in a Veterans Affairs Academic Medical Center"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Pharmacy Administration"],"thesis:degree_level":["Masters"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science"],"thesis:institution_name":["University of Houston"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:32:54Z"}