{"id":{"repo_id":"helsinki","oai_identifier":"oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/625621"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/helsinki/oai:helda.helsinki.fi:10138/625621","repository":{"repo_id":"helsinki","name":"University of Helsinki","base_url":"https://helda.helsinki.fi/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Healthcare workers and the COVID-19 pandemic : A mixed methods study","abstract":"The COVID-19 pandemic placed unprecedented pressure on healthcare systems and healthcare workers (HCWs). Frontline HCWs faced both an increased infection risk and psychological distress. By combining a register-based study (Study I) and a questionnaire based study (Studies II and III), as well as quantitative and qualitative methods, this mixed methods thesis aims to improve our understanding of work-related health risks and stressors among HCWs during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland’s capital region (until April 2021), across primary and tertiary care. Methods: Study I combined national and local registry data from public and private healthcare to assess the difference in COVID-19 outcomes between HCWs and non HCWs. The outcomes considered were infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and mortality among working-age individuals. The dataset included 26,271 COVID-19 infections, of whom 2,201 (8.4%) were HCWs. Logistic regression models were employed to analyze hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality odds. Studies II and III were based on an online survey assessing HCWs’ COVID-19-related working conditions and work-related well-being. The questionnaire was conducted from June 2020 to April 2021 with 1,580 volunteering HCWs (895 in tertiary, 685 in primary care). Additionally, 579 respondents submitted 1,666 prompted free-text responses. The responses were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: The HCWs were overrepresented in SARS-CoV-2 infection statistics. While their risks of ICU admission and mortality did not differ from the general population, they had a higher likelihood of hospitalization (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.02–1.53, p = 0.031). Unlike in the general population, higher income did not appear protective among HCWs; rather, it was associated with an increased hospitalization risk (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.16–3.45, p =0.013), likely due to job-related exposure and the inability to work remotely. Primary care HCWs reported more challenges in their work-related well-being than those in tertiary care, despite the similar self-reported infection rates and less frequent care of COVID-19 patients. Personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages and changing infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines were identified as major stressors. Clear IPC guidance correlated with better recovery from work (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.14, p <0.05), while inadequate PPE availability was linked to greater work-related stress (OR 1.49, CI: 1.18–1.88, 0.001) and an excessive workload (OR 1.51, CI: 1.01–2.25, p <0.05). Conclusion: The pandemic exposed HCWs to significant occupational risks, with heightened infection and hospitalization rates and key stressors tied to PPE availability and unclear IPC guidance. The association between the income level and the risk of hospitalization differed markedly between HCWs and the general population, as the hospitalization risk among HCWs with COVID-19 did not follow the typical socioeconomic gradient in health, in which individuals with a lower socioeconomic status experience a higher disease burden. In this study, higher income among HCWs was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization, which likely reflects the frontline working conditions, including those in higher-income healthcare roles as well. In addition, challenges in their work-related well-being were more pronounced in primary care. Future preparedness efforts should address HCW risks more promptly. The reasons behind increased hospitalization among HCWs warrant further study.","abstract_html":"The COVID-19 pandemic placed unprecedented pressure on healthcare systems and healthcare workers (HCWs). Frontline HCWs faced both an increased infection risk and psychological distress. By combining a register-based study (Study I) and a questionnaire based study (Studies II and III), as well as quantitative and qualitative methods, this mixed methods thesis aims to improve our understanding of work-related health risks and stressors among HCWs during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland’s capital region (until April 2021), across primary and tertiary care. Methods: Study I combined national and local registry data from public and private healthcare to assess the difference in COVID-19 outcomes between HCWs and non HCWs. The outcomes considered were infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and mortality among working-age individuals. The dataset included 26,271 COVID-19 infections, of whom 2,201 (8.4%) were HCWs. Logistic regression models were employed to analyze hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality odds. Studies II and III were based on an online survey assessing HCWs’ COVID-19-related working conditions and work-related well-being. The questionnaire was conducted from June 2020 to April 2021 with 1,580 volunteering HCWs (895 in tertiary, 685 in primary care). Additionally, 579 respondents submitted 1,666 prompted free-text responses. The responses were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: The HCWs were overrepresented in SARS-CoV-2 infection statistics. While their risks of ICU admission and mortality did not differ from the general population, they had a higher likelihood of hospitalization (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.02–1.53, p = 0.031). Unlike in the general population, higher income did not appear protective among HCWs; rather, it was associated with an increased hospitalization risk (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.16–3.45, p =0.013), likely due to job-related exposure and the inability to work remotely. Primary care HCWs reported more challenges in their work-related well-being than those in tertiary care, despite the similar self-reported infection rates and less frequent care of COVID-19 patients. Personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages and changing infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines were identified as major stressors. Clear IPC guidance correlated with better recovery from work (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.14, p &lt;0.05), while inadequate PPE availability was linked to greater work-related stress (OR 1.49, CI: 1.18–1.88, 0.001) and an excessive workload (OR 1.51, CI: 1.01–2.25, p &lt;0.05). Conclusion: The pandemic exposed HCWs to significant occupational risks, with heightened infection and hospitalization rates and key stressors tied to PPE availability and unclear IPC guidance. The association between the income level and the risk of hospitalization differed markedly between HCWs and the general population, as the hospitalization risk among HCWs with COVID-19 did not follow the typical socioeconomic gradient in health, in which individuals with a lower socioeconomic status experience a higher disease burden. In this study, higher income among HCWs was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization, which likely reflects the frontline working conditions, including those in higher-income healthcare roles as well. In addition, challenges in their work-related well-being were more pronounced in primary care. Future preparedness efforts should address HCW risks more promptly. The reasons behind increased hospitalization among HCWs warrant further study.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Aulanko, Ida"],"institution":"Helsingin yliopisto","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2026,"date_issued":"2026-01-30","date_published":"2026-01-30","updated_at":"2026-08-21T22:21:56Z","subjects":["lääketiede"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["Julkaisu on tekijänoikeussäännösten alainen. Teosta voi lukea ja tulostaa henkilökohtaista käyttöä varten. Käyttö kaupallisiin tarkoituksiin on kielletty.","This publication is copyrighted. You may download, display and print it for Your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited.","Publikationen är skyddad av upphovsrätten. Den får läsas och skrivas ut för personligt bruk. Användning i kommersiellt syfte är förbjuden."],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10138/625621","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"source_record":{"url":"https://helda.helsinki.fi/server/oai/request?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=dim&identifier=oai%3Ahelda.helsinki.fi%3A10138%2F625621","prefix":"dim"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Aulanko, Ida"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2026-01-07T09:41:39Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2026-01-07T09:41:39Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2026-01-30"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Helsingin yliopisto","Helsingfors universitet","University of Helsinki"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["lääketiede"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["Julkaisu on tekijänoikeussäännösten alainen. Teosta voi lukea ja tulostaa henkilökohtaista käyttöä varten. Käyttö kaupallisiin tarkoituksiin on kielletty.","This publication is copyrighted. You may download, display and print it for Your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited.","Publikationen är skyddad av upphovsrätten. Den får läsas och skrivas ut för personligt bruk. Användning i kommersiellt syfte är förbjuden."]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/10138/625621"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The COVID-19 pandemic placed unprecedented pressure on healthcare systems and healthcare workers (HCWs). Frontline HCWs faced both an increased infection risk and psychological distress. By combining a register-based study (Study I) and a questionnaire based study (Studies II and III), as well as quantitative and qualitative methods, this mixed methods thesis aims to improve our understanding of work-related health risks and stressors among HCWs during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland’s capital region (until April 2021), across primary and tertiary care. Methods: Study I combined national and local registry data from public and private healthcare to assess the difference in COVID-19 outcomes between HCWs and non HCWs. The outcomes considered were infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and mortality among working-age individuals. The dataset included 26,271 COVID-19 infections, of whom 2,201 (8.4%) were HCWs. Logistic regression models were employed to analyze hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality odds. Studies II and III were based on an online survey assessing HCWs’ COVID-19-related working conditions and work-related well-being. The questionnaire was conducted from June 2020 to April 2021 with 1,580 volunteering HCWs (895 in tertiary, 685 in primary care). Additionally, 579 respondents submitted 1,666 prompted free-text responses. The responses were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: The HCWs were overrepresented in SARS-CoV-2 infection statistics. While their risks of ICU admission and mortality did not differ from the general population, they had a higher likelihood of hospitalization (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.02–1.53, p = 0.031). Unlike in the general population, higher income did not appear protective among HCWs; rather, it was associated with an increased hospitalization risk (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.16–3.45, p =0.013), likely due to job-related exposure and the inability to work remotely. Primary care HCWs reported more challenges in their work-related well-being than those in tertiary care, despite the similar self-reported infection rates and less frequent care of COVID-19 patients. Personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages and changing infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines were identified as major stressors. Clear IPC guidance correlated with better recovery from work (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.14, p <0.05), while inadequate PPE availability was linked to greater work-related stress (OR 1.49, CI: 1.18–1.88, 0.001) and an excessive workload (OR 1.51, CI: 1.01–2.25, p <0.05). Conclusion: The pandemic exposed HCWs to significant occupational risks, with heightened infection and hospitalization rates and key stressors tied to PPE availability and unclear IPC guidance. The association between the income level and the risk of hospitalization differed markedly between HCWs and the general population, as the hospitalization risk among HCWs with COVID-19 did not follow the typical socioeconomic gradient in health, in which individuals with a lower socioeconomic status experience a higher disease burden. In this study, higher income among HCWs was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization, which likely reflects the frontline working conditions, including those in higher-income healthcare roles as well. In addition, challenges in their work-related well-being were more pronounced in primary care. Future preparedness efforts should address HCW risks more promptly. The reasons behind increased hospitalization among HCWs warrant further study.","COVID-19-pandemia aiheutti tullessaan ennennäkemätöntä kuormitusta terveydenhuoltojärjestelmille sekä terveydenhuollon työntekijöille (THT). Etulinjan THT:t altistuivat sekä lisääntyneelle tartuntavaaralle että psyykkiselle kuormitukselle. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena on lisätä ymmärrystä THT:n työhön liittyvistä terveysriskeistä ja kuormitustekijöistä pandemian ensimmäisten 15 kuukauden aikana (huhtikuuhun 2021 asti) pääkaupunkiseudulla niin perusterveydenhuollossa kuin erikoissairaanhoidossa. Tässä monimenetelmätutkimuksessa aihetta lähestytään sekä rekisteripohjaisen (Tutkimus I), että kyselypohjaisen (Tutkimus II sekä Tutkimus III) tutkimuksen keinoin, jonka lisäksi kyselypohjaisen tutkimuksen aineiston analyyseissä on käytetty laadullisia sekä määrällisiä menetelmiä. Menetelmät: Tutkimuksessa I selvitettiin THT:n ja muun työikäisen väestön COVID-19 päätetapahtumien eroja. Arvioituja päätetapahtumia olivat tartunnat, sairaalahoitoon päätyminen, teho-osastohoitoon päätyminen sekä kuolemat. Tutkimuksessa yhdistettiin kansallisia ja paikallisia julkisen ja yksityisen terveydenhuollon rekisteritietoja kattavan aineiston aikaansaamiseksi. Aineisto sisälsi 26 271 COVID-19-tartuntaa, joista 2 201 (8,4 %) THT:lla. Sairaalahoidon, tehohoidon ja kuoleman riskien arviointiin käytettiin logistista regressioanalyysiä. Tutkimukset II ja III perustuivat verkkokyselyyn, johon vastasi kesäkuun 2020 ja huhtikuun 2021 välillä 1 580 vapaaehtoista THT:ää (895 erikoissairaanhoidossa ja 685 perusterveydenhuollossa. Kyselyssä selvitettiin terveydenhuollon COVID-19:n liittyviä työoloja sekä työhyvinvointia. Laadullinen analyysi toteutettiin 579 vastaajan antamista,yhteensä 1 666 täydentävästä kirjallisesta vastauksesta. Tulokset: THT:t olivat yliedustettuina SARS-CoV-2-tartuntatilastoissa. Vaikka heidän riskinsä joutua tehohoitoon, ja kuolleisuutensa eivät poikenneet muun väestön riskeistä, heidän riskinsä joutua sairaalahoitoon oli suurempi (OR 1,25; 95 % CI: 1,02–1,53; p = 0,031). Toisin kuin muussa väestössä, korkeampi tulotaso ei näyttänyt suojaavalta tekijältä THT:lla, vaan siihen liittyi suurempi sairaalahoidon riski (OR 2,00; 95 % 1,1 CI: 6–3,45; p = 0,013), mikä selittynee työperäisellä altistuksella ja etätyömahdollisuuksien puutteella. Perusterveydenhuollon työntekijät raportoivat enemmän työhön liittyviä hyvinvointiongelmia kuin erikoissairaanhoidossa työskentelevät, huolimatta samantasoisesta itseraportoitujen tartuntojen määrästä ja vähäisemmästä COVID-19- potilaiden hoidosta. Henkilönsuojainten puute ja muuttuvat infektioiden torjuntaan ja ehkäisyyn liittyvät ohjeistukset olivat merkittäviä kuormitustekijöitä. Selkeä ohjeistus oli yhteydessä parempaan työstä palautumiseen (OR 1,51; 95 % CI: 1,06–2,14; p < 0,05), kun taas riittämätön henkilösuojainten saatavuus lisäsi työn kuormittavuutta (OR 1,49; 95 % CI: 1,18–1,88; p = 0,001) ja ylikuormitusta (OR 1,51; 95 % CI: 1,01–2,25; p < 0,05). Johtopäätökset: Pandemia altisti THT:t merkittäville työperäisille riskeille, kuten kohonneelle tartuntariskille ja sairaalahoitotarpeelle. Tulotason vaikutus sairaalahoidon riskiin poikkesi merkittävästi THT:n ja muun väestön välillä, sillä THT:n sairaalahoidon riski COVID-19:n yhteydessä ei noudattanut tavanomaista terveyden sosioekonomista jakaumaa, jossa heikommassa asemassa olevat sairastavat enemmän. Tässä tutkimuksessa THT:n korkea tulotaso oli yhteydessä suurempaan sairaalahoidon riskiin, mikä liittynee paljolti THT:n työolosuhteisiin etulinjassa, myös korkeamman tulotason työtehtävissä. Lisäksi THT:n keskeisimmät esiin nousseet stressitekijät liittyivät henkilösuojainten saatavuuteen ja epäselvään ohjeistukseen. Työhyvinvoinnin haasteet olivat erityisen korostuneita perusterveydenhuollossa. Mahdollisessa uusiin pandemioihin varautumisessa THT:n riskit tulisi tunnistaa ja huomioida viiveettä. THT:n kohonneen sairaalahoidon taustatekijät edellyttävät lisätutkimusta."]},{"key":"dc:format.mimetype","label":"Dc Format Mimetype","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Healthcare workers and the COVID-19 pandemic : A mixed methods study"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Aulanko, Ida"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2026-01-07T09:41:39Z"],"dc:date.available":["2026-01-07T09:41:39Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2026-01-30"],"dc:description.abstract":["The COVID-19 pandemic placed unprecedented pressure on healthcare systems and healthcare workers (HCWs). Frontline HCWs faced both an increased infection risk and psychological distress. By combining a register-based study (Study I) and a questionnaire based study (Studies II and III), as well as quantitative and qualitative methods, this mixed methods thesis aims to improve our understanding of work-related health risks and stressors among HCWs during the first 15 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Finland’s capital region (until April 2021), across primary and tertiary care. Methods: Study I combined national and local registry data from public and private healthcare to assess the difference in COVID-19 outcomes between HCWs and non HCWs. The outcomes considered were infections, hospitalizations, ICU admissions, and mortality among working-age individuals. The dataset included 26,271 COVID-19 infections, of whom 2,201 (8.4%) were HCWs. Logistic regression models were employed to analyze hospitalization, ICU admission, and mortality odds. Studies II and III were based on an online survey assessing HCWs’ COVID-19-related working conditions and work-related well-being. The questionnaire was conducted from June 2020 to April 2021 with 1,580 volunteering HCWs (895 in tertiary, 685 in primary care). Additionally, 579 respondents submitted 1,666 prompted free-text responses. The responses were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: The HCWs were overrepresented in SARS-CoV-2 infection statistics. While their risks of ICU admission and mortality did not differ from the general population, they had a higher likelihood of hospitalization (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.02–1.53, p = 0.031). Unlike in the general population, higher income did not appear protective among HCWs; rather, it was associated with an increased hospitalization risk (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.16–3.45, p =0.013), likely due to job-related exposure and the inability to work remotely. Primary care HCWs reported more challenges in their work-related well-being than those in tertiary care, despite the similar self-reported infection rates and less frequent care of COVID-19 patients. Personal protective equipment (PPE) shortages and changing infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines were identified as major stressors. Clear IPC guidance correlated with better recovery from work (OR 1.51, 95% CI: 1.06–2.14, p <0.05), while inadequate PPE availability was linked to greater work-related stress (OR 1.49, CI: 1.18–1.88, 0.001) and an excessive workload (OR 1.51, CI: 1.01–2.25, p <0.05). Conclusion: The pandemic exposed HCWs to significant occupational risks, with heightened infection and hospitalization rates and key stressors tied to PPE availability and unclear IPC guidance. The association between the income level and the risk of hospitalization differed markedly between HCWs and the general population, as the hospitalization risk among HCWs with COVID-19 did not follow the typical socioeconomic gradient in health, in which individuals with a lower socioeconomic status experience a higher disease burden. In this study, higher income among HCWs was associated with an increased risk of hospitalization, which likely reflects the frontline working conditions, including those in higher-income healthcare roles as well. In addition, challenges in their work-related well-being were more pronounced in primary care. Future preparedness efforts should address HCW risks more promptly. The reasons behind increased hospitalization among HCWs warrant further study.","COVID-19-pandemia aiheutti tullessaan ennennäkemätöntä kuormitusta terveydenhuoltojärjestelmille sekä terveydenhuollon työntekijöille (THT). Etulinjan THT:t altistuivat sekä lisääntyneelle tartuntavaaralle että psyykkiselle kuormitukselle. Tämän väitöskirjan tavoitteena on lisätä ymmärrystä THT:n työhön liittyvistä terveysriskeistä ja kuormitustekijöistä pandemian ensimmäisten 15 kuukauden aikana (huhtikuuhun 2021 asti) pääkaupunkiseudulla niin perusterveydenhuollossa kuin erikoissairaanhoidossa. Tässä monimenetelmätutkimuksessa aihetta lähestytään sekä rekisteripohjaisen (Tutkimus I), että kyselypohjaisen (Tutkimus II sekä Tutkimus III) tutkimuksen keinoin, jonka lisäksi kyselypohjaisen tutkimuksen aineiston analyyseissä on käytetty laadullisia sekä määrällisiä menetelmiä. Menetelmät: Tutkimuksessa I selvitettiin THT:n ja muun työikäisen väestön COVID-19 päätetapahtumien eroja. Arvioituja päätetapahtumia olivat tartunnat, sairaalahoitoon päätyminen, teho-osastohoitoon päätyminen sekä kuolemat. Tutkimuksessa yhdistettiin kansallisia ja paikallisia julkisen ja yksityisen terveydenhuollon rekisteritietoja kattavan aineiston aikaansaamiseksi. Aineisto sisälsi 26 271 COVID-19-tartuntaa, joista 2 201 (8,4 %) THT:lla. Sairaalahoidon, tehohoidon ja kuoleman riskien arviointiin käytettiin logistista regressioanalyysiä. Tutkimukset II ja III perustuivat verkkokyselyyn, johon vastasi kesäkuun 2020 ja huhtikuun 2021 välillä 1 580 vapaaehtoista THT:ää (895 erikoissairaanhoidossa ja 685 perusterveydenhuollossa. Kyselyssä selvitettiin terveydenhuollon COVID-19:n liittyviä työoloja sekä työhyvinvointia. Laadullinen analyysi toteutettiin 579 vastaajan antamista,yhteensä 1 666 täydentävästä kirjallisesta vastauksesta. Tulokset: THT:t olivat yliedustettuina SARS-CoV-2-tartuntatilastoissa. Vaikka heidän riskinsä joutua tehohoitoon, ja kuolleisuutensa eivät poikenneet muun väestön riskeistä, heidän riskinsä joutua sairaalahoitoon oli suurempi (OR 1,25; 95 % CI: 1,02–1,53; p = 0,031). Toisin kuin muussa väestössä, korkeampi tulotaso ei näyttänyt suojaavalta tekijältä THT:lla, vaan siihen liittyi suurempi sairaalahoidon riski (OR 2,00; 95 % 1,1 CI: 6–3,45; p = 0,013), mikä selittynee työperäisellä altistuksella ja etätyömahdollisuuksien puutteella. Perusterveydenhuollon työntekijät raportoivat enemmän työhön liittyviä hyvinvointiongelmia kuin erikoissairaanhoidossa työskentelevät, huolimatta samantasoisesta itseraportoitujen tartuntojen määrästä ja vähäisemmästä COVID-19- potilaiden hoidosta. Henkilönsuojainten puute ja muuttuvat infektioiden torjuntaan ja ehkäisyyn liittyvät ohjeistukset olivat merkittäviä kuormitustekijöitä. Selkeä ohjeistus oli yhteydessä parempaan työstä palautumiseen (OR 1,51; 95 % CI: 1,06–2,14; p < 0,05), kun taas riittämätön henkilösuojainten saatavuus lisäsi työn kuormittavuutta (OR 1,49; 95 % CI: 1,18–1,88; p = 0,001) ja ylikuormitusta (OR 1,51; 95 % CI: 1,01–2,25; p < 0,05). Johtopäätökset: Pandemia altisti THT:t merkittäville työperäisille riskeille, kuten kohonneelle tartuntariskille ja sairaalahoitotarpeelle. Tulotason vaikutus sairaalahoidon riskiin poikkesi merkittävästi THT:n ja muun väestön välillä, sillä THT:n sairaalahoidon riski COVID-19:n yhteydessä ei noudattanut tavanomaista terveyden sosioekonomista jakaumaa, jossa heikommassa asemassa olevat sairastavat enemmän. Tässä tutkimuksessa THT:n korkea tulotaso oli yhteydessä suurempaan sairaalahoidon riskiin, mikä liittynee paljolti THT:n työolosuhteisiin etulinjassa, myös korkeamman tulotason työtehtävissä. Lisäksi THT:n keskeisimmät esiin nousseet stressitekijät liittyivät henkilösuojainten saatavuuteen ja epäselvään ohjeistukseen. Työhyvinvoinnin haasteet olivat erityisen korostuneita perusterveydenhuollossa. Mahdollisessa uusiin pandemioihin varautumisessa THT:n riskit tulisi tunnistaa ja huomioida viiveettä. THT:n kohonneen sairaalahoidon taustatekijät edellyttävät lisätutkimusta."],"dc:format.mimetype":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/10138/625621"],"dc:language.iso":["eng"],"dc:publisher":["Helsingin yliopisto","Helsingfors universitet","University of Helsinki"],"dc:rights":["Julkaisu on tekijänoikeussäännösten alainen. Teosta voi lukea ja tulostaa henkilökohtaista käyttöä varten. Käyttö kaupallisiin tarkoituksiin on kielletty.","This publication is copyrighted. You may download, display and print it for Your own personal use. Commercial use is prohibited.","Publikationen är skyddad av upphovsrätten. Den får läsas och skrivas ut för personligt bruk. Användning i kommersiellt syfte är förbjuden."],"dc:subject":["lääketiede"],"dc:title":["Healthcare workers and the COVID-19 pandemic : A mixed methods study"]},"updated_at":"2026-08-21T22:21:56Z"}