The purpose of the present study was to validate a 7-site ultrasound imaging protocol to predict percent body fat (%BF) in a Division I football team. Body composition was estimated by ultrasound, seven site skinfolds (SKINFOLD), and the three compartment-water (3C-W) model of Siri (1961), using Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) to estimate total body water (TBW) and air-displacement plethysmography (BODPOD®) to determine body density (Db). Pearson’s product-moment correlation analyses were run to determine between ΣUltrasound and the criterion 3C-W, and between the ΣSkinfold and ΣUltrasound. Strong positive correlations were observed between ΣSkinfold and ΣUltrasound (r=.984; pUltrasound and %BF from 3C-W (r=0.878, pUltrasound, (%BF= 6.194+(.096* ΣUltrasound); standard error of the estimate [SEE]=2.97%). Cross validation analyses were performed using an independent sample of 29 players. Mean observed %BF and mean predicted %BF were 18.32 ± 6.26% and 18.78 ± 6.22%, respectively. The constant error (CE), SEE and validity coefficient (r) were 0.004%, 2.64%, and 0.91, respectively. The total error (TEE) was 2.87%. Conclusion: The positive relationship between ultrasound measurements and the 3C-W model suggests the B-mode ultrasound may be a practical alternative of predicting %BF in Division I football players.
","abstract_html":"<p>The purpose of the present study was to validate a 7-site ultrasound imaging protocol to predict percent body fat (%BF) in a Division I football team. Body composition was estimated by ultrasound, seven site skinfolds (SKINFOLD), and the three compartment-water (3C-W) model of Siri (1961), using Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) to estimate total body water (TBW) and air-displacement plethysmography (BODPOD<sup>®</sup>) to determine body density (Db). Pearson’s product-moment correlation analyses were run to determine between Σ<sub>Ultrasound</sub> and the criterion 3C-W, and between the Σ<sub>Skinfold</sub> and Σ<sub>Ultrasound</sub>. Strong positive correlations were observed between Σ<sub>Skinfold</sub> and Σ<sub>Ultrasound</sub> (r=.984; pUltrasound and %BF from 3C-W (r=0.878, <em>p</em>Ultrasound, (%BF= 6.194+(.096* Σ<sub>Ultrasound</sub>); standard error of the estimate [SEE]=2.97%). Cross validation analyses were performed using an independent sample of 29 players. Mean observed %BF and mean predicted %BF were 18.32 ± 6.26% and 18.78 ± 6.22%, respectively. The constant error (CE), SEE and validity coefficient (r) were 0.004%, 2.64%, and 0.91, respectively. The total error (TEE) was 2.87%. Conclusion: The positive relationship between ultrasound measurements and the 3C-W model suggests the B-mode ultrasound may be a practical alternative of predicting %BF in Division I football players.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Hyde, Parker"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.)","degree_level":"Thesis (open access)","degree_discipline":"Department of Health and Kinesiology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Jim McMillan","Amy Jo Riggs"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2015,"date_issued":"2015-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2015-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:28:22Z","subjects":["ETD","3-compartment model","validation","athlete","skinfold","Sports Sciences"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1282","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Jim McMillan","Amy Jo Riggs"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Hyde, Parker"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2015-04-15T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Department of Health and Kinesiology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis (open access)"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["ETD","3-compartment model","validation","athlete","skinfold","Sports Sciences"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1282"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The purpose of the present study was to validate a 7-site ultrasound imaging protocol to predict percent body fat (%BF) in a Division I football team. Body composition was estimated by ultrasound, seven site skinfolds (SKINFOLD), and the three compartment-water (3C-W) model of Siri (1961), using Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) to estimate total body water (TBW) and air-displacement plethysmography (BODPOD®) to determine body density (Db). Pearson’s product-moment correlation analyses were run to determine between ΣUltrasound and the criterion 3C-W, and between the ΣSkinfold and ΣUltrasound. Strong positive correlations were observed between ΣSkinfold and ΣUltrasound (r=.984; pUltrasound and %BF from 3C-W (r=0.878, pUltrasound, (%BF= 6.194+(.096* ΣUltrasound); standard error of the estimate [SEE]=2.97%). Cross validation analyses were performed using an independent sample of 29 players. Mean observed %BF and mean predicted %BF were 18.32 ± 6.26% and 18.78 ± 6.22%, respectively. The constant error (CE), SEE and validity coefficient (r) were 0.004%, 2.64%, and 0.91, respectively. The total error (TEE) was 2.87%. Conclusion: The positive relationship between ultrasound measurements and the 3C-W model suggests the B-mode ultrasound may be a practical alternative of predicting %BF in Division I football players.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Utilization Of B-Mode Ultrasound As A Body Fat Estimate In Collegiate Football Players"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Jim McMillan","Amy Jo Riggs"],"dc:creator":["Hyde, Parker"],"dc:date.available":["2015-04-15T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The purpose of the present study was to validate a 7-site ultrasound imaging protocol to predict percent body fat (%BF) in a Division I football team. Body composition was estimated by ultrasound, seven site skinfolds (SKINFOLD), and the three compartment-water (3C-W) model of Siri (1961), using Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) to estimate total body water (TBW) and air-displacement plethysmography (BODPOD®) to determine body density (Db). Pearson’s product-moment correlation analyses were run to determine between ΣUltrasound and the criterion 3C-W, and between the ΣSkinfold and ΣUltrasound. Strong positive correlations were observed between ΣSkinfold and ΣUltrasound (r=.984; pUltrasound and %BF from 3C-W (r=0.878, pUltrasound, (%BF= 6.194+(.096* ΣUltrasound); standard error of the estimate [SEE]=2.97%). Cross validation analyses were performed using an independent sample of 29 players. Mean observed %BF and mean predicted %BF were 18.32 ± 6.26% and 18.78 ± 6.22%, respectively. The constant error (CE), SEE and validity coefficient (r) were 0.004%, 2.64%, and 0.91, respectively. The total error (TEE) was 2.87%. Conclusion: The positive relationship between ultrasound measurements and the 3C-W model suggests the B-mode ultrasound may be a practical alternative of predicting %BF in Division I football players.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1282"],"dc:subject":["ETD","3-compartment model","validation","athlete","skinfold","Sports Sciences"],"dc:title":["Utilization Of B-Mode Ultrasound As A Body Fat Estimate In Collegiate Football Players"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Department of Health and Kinesiology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis (open access)"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:28:22Z"}