{"id":{"repo_id":"gsu","oai_identifier":"oai:digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu:etd-1086"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/gsu/oai:digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu:etd-1086","repository":{"repo_id":"gsu","name":"Georgia Southern University","base_url":"https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/do/oai/"},"display":{"title":"Comparison of Optimism Levels and Life Stress Levels Among NCAA Division I Athletes and Non-Athletes","abstract":"Researchers suggest that optimistic individuals approach life situations with the belief that outcomes will be favorable, and are more likely to exhibit better coping mechanisms when dealing with adversity and stress (Carver, & Scheier, 1987; Karadeaus, Karvelis, Argyropoulou, 2007). Moreover, the cognitive adaptation theory suggests that optimistic individuals are more likely to make appropriate cognitive adaptations to stressful situations (Lightsey, 1994; Alloy & Clements, 1992). Results concerning athletic status, gender, optimism, and stress are mixed. The purpose of this study was to compare athletes and non athletes and gender on optimism and life stress. The present study will utilize the Life Orientation Test-Revised, measuring optimism and the Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire, measuring life stress. The results will be analyzed using three independent t-tests with an alpha level set at .016 utilizing the Bonferroni adjustment technique. Discussion to take place will be between optimism and stress levels, athletic status, and gender.","abstract_html":"Researchers suggest that optimistic individuals approach life situations with the belief that outcomes will be favorable, and are more likely to exhibit better coping mechanisms when dealing with adversity and stress (Carver, & Scheier, 1987; Karadeaus, Karvelis, Argyropoulou, 2007). Moreover, the cognitive adaptation theory suggests that optimistic individuals are more likely to make appropriate cognitive adaptations to stressful situations (Lightsey, 1994; Alloy & Clements, 1992). Results concerning athletic status, gender, optimism, and stress are mixed. The purpose of this study was to compare athletes and non athletes and gender on optimism and life stress. The present study will utilize the Life Orientation Test-Revised, measuring optimism and the Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire, measuring life stress. The results will be analyzed using three independent t-tests with an alpha level set at .016 utilizing the Bonferroni adjustment technique. Discussion to take place will be between optimism and stress levels, athletic status, and gender.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Shearman, Eleanor Kate"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.)","degree_level":"Thesis (open access)","degree_discipline":"Department of Health and Kinesiology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Glenn P. Burdette III","A. Barry Joyner","Jonathan N. Metzler"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2008,"date_issued":"2008-05-01T07:00:00Z","date_published":"2008-05-01T07:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:26:17Z","subjects":["ETD","Optimism","Life stress","Collegiate athletes","College athletes"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/86","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Glenn P. Burdette III","A. Barry Joyner","Jonathan N. Metzler"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Shearman, Eleanor Kate"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2013-10-17T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Department of Health and Kinesiology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis (open access)"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["ETD","Optimism","Life stress","Collegiate athletes","College athletes"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/86"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Researchers suggest that optimistic individuals approach life situations with the belief that outcomes will be favorable, and are more likely to exhibit better coping mechanisms when dealing with adversity and stress (Carver, & Scheier, 1987; Karadeaus, Karvelis, Argyropoulou, 2007). Moreover, the cognitive adaptation theory suggests that optimistic individuals are more likely to make appropriate cognitive adaptations to stressful situations (Lightsey, 1994; Alloy & Clements, 1992). Results concerning athletic status, gender, optimism, and stress are mixed. The purpose of this study was to compare athletes and non athletes and gender on optimism and life stress. The present study will utilize the Life Orientation Test-Revised, measuring optimism and the Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire, measuring life stress. The results will be analyzed using three independent t-tests with an alpha level set at .016 utilizing the Bonferroni adjustment technique. Discussion to take place will be between optimism and stress levels, athletic status, and gender."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Comparison of Optimism Levels and Life Stress Levels Among NCAA Division I Athletes and Non-Athletes"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Glenn P. Burdette III","A. Barry Joyner","Jonathan N. Metzler"],"dc:creator":["Shearman, Eleanor Kate"],"dc:date.available":["2013-10-17T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["Researchers suggest that optimistic individuals approach life situations with the belief that outcomes will be favorable, and are more likely to exhibit better coping mechanisms when dealing with adversity and stress (Carver, & Scheier, 1987; Karadeaus, Karvelis, Argyropoulou, 2007). Moreover, the cognitive adaptation theory suggests that optimistic individuals are more likely to make appropriate cognitive adaptations to stressful situations (Lightsey, 1994; Alloy & Clements, 1992). Results concerning athletic status, gender, optimism, and stress are mixed. The purpose of this study was to compare athletes and non athletes and gender on optimism and life stress. The present study will utilize the Life Orientation Test-Revised, measuring optimism and the Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire, measuring life stress. The results will be analyzed using three independent t-tests with an alpha level set at .016 utilizing the Bonferroni adjustment technique. Discussion to take place will be between optimism and stress levels, athletic status, and gender."],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/86"],"dc:subject":["ETD","Optimism","Life stress","Collegiate athletes","College athletes"],"dc:title":["Comparison of Optimism Levels and Life Stress Levels Among NCAA Division I Athletes and Non-Athletes"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Department of Health and Kinesiology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis (open access)"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science in Kinesiology (M.S.)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:26:17Z"}