The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of phenotypic variation on criminal judgment. This study had two phases. In the first phase, participants rated multiple headshot photographs on the degree to which African American men possess pronounced Afrocentric features (fuller lips, broader nose, curlier hair, darker skin, etc.). The race of the participants predicted 34.2% of the variance in average skin color ratings above all other variables. White participants rated the Black faces as darker than any other participants rated the same faces. Researchers used the faces rated least, average, and most prototypical of Blacks as the targets for a criminal vignette in phase two. Controlling for participant political ideology and race, target Black prototypicality had a main effect on recommended years for the defendant to serve (Ruby & Brigham, 1996). The most prototypical defendant was more likely sentenced to prison time followed by a period of probation and to serve approximately six more years in the adult correction system than the least or average prototypical defendants. Phenotypic variation was a leading factor in the criminal judgment of African American men along with perceptions of the defendant, attitudes towards the legal system and Black people, and social Black 2 contact. These results have implications for understanding the saliency of phenotypic variation on target judgment and reevaluating the criminal legal process.
","abstract_html":"<p>The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of phenotypic variation on criminal judgment. This study had two phases. In the first phase, participants rated multiple headshot photographs on the degree to which African American men possess pronounced Afrocentric features (fuller lips, broader nose, curlier hair, darker skin, etc.). The race of the participants predicted 34.2% of the variance in average skin color ratings above all other variables. White participants rated the Black faces as darker than any other participants rated the same faces. Researchers used the faces rated least, average, and most prototypical of Blacks as the targets for a criminal vignette in phase two. Controlling for participant political ideology and race, target Black prototypicality had a main effect on recommended years for the defendant to serve (Ruby & Brigham, 1996). The most prototypical defendant was more likely sentenced to prison time followed by a period of probation and to serve approximately six more years in the adult correction system than the least or average prototypical defendants. Phenotypic variation was a leading factor in the criminal judgment of African American men along with perceptions of the defendant, attitudes towards the legal system and Black people, and social Black 2 contact. These results have implications for understanding the saliency of phenotypic variation on target judgment and reevaluating the criminal legal process.</p>","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Cormier, Jacque-Corey"],"institution":null,"degree_name":"Master of Science in Experimental Psychology (M.S.)","degree_level":"Thesis (open access)","degree_discipline":"Department of Psychology","degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Lawrence Locker","Adam Bossler"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2012,"date_issued":"2012-01-01T08:00:00Z","date_published":"2012-01-01T08:00:00Z","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:26:17Z","subjects":["ETD","Skin color","Facial features","Criminal legal system","Discrimination","Stereotyping","Criminology and Criminal Justice","Psychology"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1","outbound_label":"Repository record","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Lawrence Locker","Adam Bossler"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Cormier, Jacque-Corey"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2013-07-18T07:00:00Z"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_discipline","label":"Discipline","values":["Department of Psychology"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_level","label":"Degree Level","values":["Thesis (open access)"]},{"key":"thesis:degree_name","label":"Degree Name","values":["Master of Science in Experimental Psychology (M.S.)"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["ETD","Skin color","Facial features","Criminal legal system","Discrimination","Stereotyping","Criminology and Criminal Justice","Psychology"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of phenotypic variation on criminal judgment. This study had two phases. In the first phase, participants rated multiple headshot photographs on the degree to which African American men possess pronounced Afrocentric features (fuller lips, broader nose, curlier hair, darker skin, etc.). The race of the participants predicted 34.2% of the variance in average skin color ratings above all other variables. White participants rated the Black faces as darker than any other participants rated the same faces. Researchers used the faces rated least, average, and most prototypical of Blacks as the targets for a criminal vignette in phase two. Controlling for participant political ideology and race, target Black prototypicality had a main effect on recommended years for the defendant to serve (Ruby & Brigham, 1996). The most prototypical defendant was more likely sentenced to prison time followed by a period of probation and to serve approximately six more years in the adult correction system than the least or average prototypical defendants. Phenotypic variation was a leading factor in the criminal judgment of African American men along with perceptions of the defendant, attitudes towards the legal system and Black people, and social Black 2 contact. These results have implications for understanding the saliency of phenotypic variation on target judgment and reevaluating the criminal legal process.
"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["The Influence of Phenotypic Variation on Criminal Judgement"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Lawrence Locker","Adam Bossler"],"dc:creator":["Cormier, Jacque-Corey"],"dc:date.available":["2013-07-18T07:00:00Z"],"dc:description.abstract":["The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of phenotypic variation on criminal judgment. This study had two phases. In the first phase, participants rated multiple headshot photographs on the degree to which African American men possess pronounced Afrocentric features (fuller lips, broader nose, curlier hair, darker skin, etc.). The race of the participants predicted 34.2% of the variance in average skin color ratings above all other variables. White participants rated the Black faces as darker than any other participants rated the same faces. Researchers used the faces rated least, average, and most prototypical of Blacks as the targets for a criminal vignette in phase two. Controlling for participant political ideology and race, target Black prototypicality had a main effect on recommended years for the defendant to serve (Ruby & Brigham, 1996). The most prototypical defendant was more likely sentenced to prison time followed by a period of probation and to serve approximately six more years in the adult correction system than the least or average prototypical defendants. Phenotypic variation was a leading factor in the criminal judgment of African American men along with perceptions of the defendant, attitudes towards the legal system and Black people, and social Black 2 contact. These results have implications for understanding the saliency of phenotypic variation on target judgment and reevaluating the criminal legal process.
"],"dc:identifier":["https://digitalcommons.georgiasouthern.edu/etd/1"],"dc:subject":["ETD","Skin color","Facial features","Criminal legal system","Discrimination","Stereotyping","Criminology and Criminal Justice","Psychology"],"dc:title":["The Influence of Phenotypic Variation on Criminal Judgement"],"thesis:degree_discipline":["Department of Psychology"],"thesis:degree_level":["Thesis (open access)"],"thesis:degree_name":["Master of Science in Experimental Psychology (M.S.)"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:26:17Z"}