{"id":{"repo_id":"greenwich","oai_identifier":"oai:gala.gre.ac.uk:18143"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/greenwich/oai:gala.gre.ac.uk:18143","repository":{"repo_id":"greenwich","name":"University of Greenwich","base_url":"https://gala.gre.ac.uk/cgi/oai2"},"display":{"title":"Drug-cyclodextrin complexes: an approach to enhance the solubility and dissolution properties of poorly soluble drugs","abstract":"The main objective of this study was to investigate different manufacturing processes claimed to promote inclusion complexation between different drugs and cyclodextrins (econazole and α-cyclodextrin; indomethacin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin; olanzapine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin; flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin) in order to enhance the apparent solubility and dissolution properties of drugs. Specifically, the effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide processing for the preparation of solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was investigated and compared to other preparation methods. Nitrate, besylate, sulfosalicylate dihydrate and maleate salts of econazole were synthesised. The solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were prepared by physical mixing, freeze drying from aqueous solution and processing with supercritical carbon dioxide. The complexes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (nuclear Overhauser effect correlation spectroscopy and inversion recovery T1 measurement experiments), and dissolution rate studies. Inclusion yield (%) studies of econazole base into α- and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were conducted in supercritical carbon dioxide to investigate the influence of pressure, temperature and contact time on the inclusion. All the working parameters (pressure, temperature and contact time) played a significant role in the inclusion of econazole base into cyclodextrins. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies of econazole besylate and sulfosalicylate dihydrate salts and α-cyclodextrin confirmed the formation of complexes between the salts and α-cyclodextrin in a 1:1 stoichiometry. Different degrees of crystallinity were observed in the analyses of products prepared by various methods, suggesting the possibility of drug-cyclodextrin interactions of different efficiencies, which may give rise to different degrees of inclusion formation and/or crystallinity of the sample. Nevertheless, products obtained by the freeze-drying and supercritical carbon dioxide-inclusion methods were among the ones showing the highest interaction between the drug and the cyclodextrin. All systems based on α-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin exhibited greater drug release profiles than the drug alone. Solid state complexation using supercritical carbon dioxide processing proved to be useful complexation method for econazole and its salts into α-cyclodextrin; indomethacin, olanzapine and flurbiprofen into methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The freeze drying method produced highly amorphous and rapid dissolving complexes; however, it was characterised by long, energy-intensive processing steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide inclusion method was shown to be an efficient approach for the preparation of solid-state inclusion complexes. It is an efficient and economic process that allows the formation of solid complexes based in strong intermolecular forces in high yield in a single step avoiding the use of organic solvents and the problems associated with their residues.","abstract_html":"The main objective of this study was to investigate different manufacturing processes claimed to promote inclusion complexation between different drugs and cyclodextrins (econazole and α-cyclodextrin; indomethacin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin; olanzapine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin; flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin) in order to enhance the apparent solubility and dissolution properties of drugs. Specifically, the effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide processing for the preparation of solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was investigated and compared to other preparation methods. Nitrate, besylate, sulfosalicylate dihydrate and maleate salts of econazole were synthesised. The solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were prepared by physical mixing, freeze drying from aqueous solution and processing with supercritical carbon dioxide. The complexes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (nuclear Overhauser effect correlation spectroscopy and inversion recovery T1 measurement experiments), and dissolution rate studies. Inclusion yield (%) studies of econazole base into α- and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were conducted in supercritical carbon dioxide to investigate the influence of pressure, temperature and contact time on the inclusion. All the working parameters (pressure, temperature and contact time) played a significant role in the inclusion of econazole base into cyclodextrins. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies of econazole besylate and sulfosalicylate dihydrate salts and α-cyclodextrin confirmed the formation of complexes between the salts and α-cyclodextrin in a 1:1 stoichiometry. Different degrees of crystallinity were observed in the analyses of products prepared by various methods, suggesting the possibility of drug-cyclodextrin interactions of different efficiencies, which may give rise to different degrees of inclusion formation and/or crystallinity of the sample. Nevertheless, products obtained by the freeze-drying and supercritical carbon dioxide-inclusion methods were among the ones showing the highest interaction between the drug and the cyclodextrin. All systems based on α-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin exhibited greater drug release profiles than the drug alone. Solid state complexation using supercritical carbon dioxide processing proved to be useful complexation method for econazole and its salts into α-cyclodextrin; indomethacin, olanzapine and flurbiprofen into methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The freeze drying method produced highly amorphous and rapid dissolving complexes; however, it was characterised by long, energy-intensive processing steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide inclusion method was shown to be an efficient approach for the preparation of solid-state inclusion complexes. It is an efficient and economic process that allows the formation of solid complexes based in strong intermolecular forces in high yield in a single step avoiding the use of organic solvents and the problems associated with their residues.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Rudrangi, Shashi Ravi Suman"],"institution":"University of Greenwich","degree_name":"phd","degree_level":"doctoral","degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Alexander, Bruce D.","Wicks, Stephen R."],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2015,"date_issued":"2015-07","date_published":"2015-07","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:25:53Z","subjects":["QD Chemistry"],"languages":["en"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":null,"outbound_label":null,"outbound_source":null},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Alexander, Bruce D.","Wicks, Stephen R."]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Rudrangi, Shashi Ravi Suman"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2015-07"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2015-07"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.department","label":"Dc Publisher Department","values":["Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences"]},{"key":"dc:publisher.institution","label":"Dc Publisher Institution","values":["University of Greenwich"]},{"key":"dc:relation.isreferencedby","label":"Dc Relation Isreferencedby","values":["https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/18143/"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["Thesis"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationlevel","label":"Dc Type Qualificationlevel","values":["doctoral"]},{"key":"dc:type.qualificationname","label":"Dc Type Qualificationname","values":["phd"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["QD Chemistry"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["en"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/18143/1/Shashi%20Ravi%20Suman%20Rudrangi%202015.pdf"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["The main objective of this study was to investigate different manufacturing processes claimed to promote inclusion complexation between different drugs and cyclodextrins (econazole and α-cyclodextrin; indomethacin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin; olanzapine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin; flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin) in order to enhance the apparent solubility and dissolution properties of drugs. Specifically, the effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide processing for the preparation of solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was investigated and compared to other preparation methods. Nitrate, besylate, sulfosalicylate dihydrate and maleate salts of econazole were synthesised. The solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were prepared by physical mixing, freeze drying from aqueous solution and processing with supercritical carbon dioxide. The complexes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (nuclear Overhauser effect correlation spectroscopy and inversion recovery T1 measurement experiments), and dissolution rate studies. Inclusion yield (%) studies of econazole base into α- and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were conducted in supercritical carbon dioxide to investigate the influence of pressure, temperature and contact time on the inclusion. All the working parameters (pressure, temperature and contact time) played a significant role in the inclusion of econazole base into cyclodextrins. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies of econazole besylate and sulfosalicylate dihydrate salts and α-cyclodextrin confirmed the formation of complexes between the salts and α-cyclodextrin in a 1:1 stoichiometry. Different degrees of crystallinity were observed in the analyses of products prepared by various methods, suggesting the possibility of drug-cyclodextrin interactions of different efficiencies, which may give rise to different degrees of inclusion formation and/or crystallinity of the sample. Nevertheless, products obtained by the freeze-drying and supercritical carbon dioxide-inclusion methods were among the ones showing the highest interaction between the drug and the cyclodextrin. All systems based on α-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin exhibited greater drug release profiles than the drug alone. Solid state complexation using supercritical carbon dioxide processing proved to be useful complexation method for econazole and its salts into α-cyclodextrin; indomethacin, olanzapine and flurbiprofen into methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The freeze drying method produced highly amorphous and rapid dissolving complexes; however, it was characterised by long, energy-intensive processing steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide inclusion method was shown to be an efficient approach for the preparation of solid-state inclusion complexes. It is an efficient and economic process that allows the formation of solid complexes based in strong intermolecular forces in high yield in a single step avoiding the use of organic solvents and the problems associated with their residues."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Drug-cyclodextrin complexes: an approach to enhance the solubility and dissolution properties of poorly soluble drugs"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Alexander, Bruce D.","Wicks, Stephen R."],"dc:creator":["Rudrangi, Shashi Ravi Suman"],"dc:date":["2015-07"],"dc:date.issued":["2015-07"],"dc:description.abstract":["The main objective of this study was to investigate different manufacturing processes claimed to promote inclusion complexation between different drugs and cyclodextrins (econazole and α-cyclodextrin; indomethacin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin; olanzapine and methyl-β-cyclodextrin; flurbiprofen and methyl-β-cyclodextrin) in order to enhance the apparent solubility and dissolution properties of drugs. Specifically, the effectiveness of supercritical carbon dioxide processing for the preparation of solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes was investigated and compared to other preparation methods. Nitrate, besylate, sulfosalicylate dihydrate and maleate salts of econazole were synthesised. The solid drug-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes were prepared by physical mixing, freeze drying from aqueous solution and processing with supercritical carbon dioxide. The complexes were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (nuclear Overhauser effect correlation spectroscopy and inversion recovery T1 measurement experiments), and dissolution rate studies. Inclusion yield (%) studies of econazole base into α- and methyl-β-cyclodextrin were conducted in supercritical carbon dioxide to investigate the influence of pressure, temperature and contact time on the inclusion. All the working parameters (pressure, temperature and contact time) played a significant role in the inclusion of econazole base into cyclodextrins. Isothermal titration calorimetric studies of econazole besylate and sulfosalicylate dihydrate salts and α-cyclodextrin confirmed the formation of complexes between the salts and α-cyclodextrin in a 1:1 stoichiometry. Different degrees of crystallinity were observed in the analyses of products prepared by various methods, suggesting the possibility of drug-cyclodextrin interactions of different efficiencies, which may give rise to different degrees of inclusion formation and/or crystallinity of the sample. Nevertheless, products obtained by the freeze-drying and supercritical carbon dioxide-inclusion methods were among the ones showing the highest interaction between the drug and the cyclodextrin. All systems based on α-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin exhibited greater drug release profiles than the drug alone. Solid state complexation using supercritical carbon dioxide processing proved to be useful complexation method for econazole and its salts into α-cyclodextrin; indomethacin, olanzapine and flurbiprofen into methyl-β-cyclodextrin. The freeze drying method produced highly amorphous and rapid dissolving complexes; however, it was characterised by long, energy-intensive processing steps. Supercritical carbon dioxide inclusion method was shown to be an efficient approach for the preparation of solid-state inclusion complexes. It is an efficient and economic process that allows the formation of solid complexes based in strong intermolecular forces in high yield in a single step avoiding the use of organic solvents and the problems associated with their residues."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier.uri":["https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/18143/1/Shashi%20Ravi%20Suman%20Rudrangi%202015.pdf"],"dc:language":["en"],"dc:publisher.department":["Department of Pharmaceutical, Chemical and Environmental Sciences"],"dc:publisher.institution":["University of Greenwich"],"dc:relation.isreferencedby":["https://gala.gre.ac.uk/id/eprint/18143/"],"dc:subject":["QD Chemistry"],"dc:title":["Drug-cyclodextrin complexes: an approach to enhance the solubility and dissolution properties of poorly soluble drugs"],"dc:type":["Thesis"],"dc:type.qualificationlevel":["doctoral"],"dc:type.qualificationname":["phd"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:25:53Z"}