{"id":{"repo_id":"greece","oai_identifier":"oai:10442/1514"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/greece/oai:10442/1514","repository":{"repo_id":"greece","name":"Greek National Archive of PhD Theses","base_url":"https://phdtheses.ekt.gr/eadd_oai/request"},"display":{"title":"ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΕΔΑΦΟΒΕΛΤΙΩΤΙΚΩΝ ΥΛΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΣΜΕΥΣΗ ΒΑΡΕΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΥ","abstract":"THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOST FROM HOUSEHOLD REFUSE, ITS EVALUATION AND THE USE OF GREEK CLINOPTILOLITE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF THE HEAVY METALS PRESENT . THE COMPOSTING OF THE BIODEGRADABLE MATTER WAS PERFORMED IN AN OPEN SYSTEM AND THE AERATION OF THE SUBSTRATE WAS ACHIEVED BY PERIODICAL MIXING. THE COMPOSTING PROCESSES WERE STUDIED BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS AND VERY USEFULL CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN. ALSO ONE TYPE OF THE COMPOST PRODUCED WAS EVALUATED AFTER ITS USE IN TOMATO CULTIVATION. FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES SOILS FROM THE ATTICA REGION AND STABILIZED MANURE WERE USED IN COMBINATION WITHZEOLITE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE COMPOST YIELDS THE SAME PRODUCTION AS THEMANURE AND THE ADDITION OF CLINOPHILOLITE DOES NOT BRING ANY CHANGES. ON THE CONTRARY WHEN STUDIES WERE PERFORMED ON THE ROOTS, BODIES, LEAVES AND CORPS TO DETERMINE THEIR CONTENT IN CD, CR, NI, CU, PB, ZN, MN IT WAS FOUND THAT THE ADDITION OF CLINOPHILOLITE IN ANY QUANTITIES INHIBITS THE METAL PASSAGE FROM THE SOIL TO THE PLANTS.","abstract_html":"THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOST FROM HOUSEHOLD REFUSE, ITS EVALUATION AND THE USE OF GREEK CLINOPTILOLITE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF THE HEAVY METALS PRESENT . THE COMPOSTING OF THE BIODEGRADABLE MATTER WAS PERFORMED IN AN OPEN SYSTEM AND THE AERATION OF THE SUBSTRATE WAS ACHIEVED BY PERIODICAL MIXING. THE COMPOSTING PROCESSES WERE STUDIED BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS AND VERY USEFULL CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN. ALSO ONE TYPE OF THE COMPOST PRODUCED WAS EVALUATED AFTER ITS USE IN TOMATO CULTIVATION. FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES SOILS FROM THE ATTICA REGION AND STABILIZED MANURE WERE USED IN COMBINATION WITHZEOLITE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE COMPOST YIELDS THE SAME PRODUCTION AS THEMANURE AND THE ADDITION OF CLINOPHILOLITE DOES NOT BRING ANY CHANGES. ON THE CONTRARY WHEN STUDIES WERE PERFORMED ON THE ROOTS, BODIES, LEAVES AND CORPS TO DETERMINE THEIR CONTENT IN CD, CR, NI, CU, PB, ZN, MN IT WAS FOUND THAT THE ADDITION OF CLINOPHILOLITE IN ANY QUANTITIES INHIBITS THE METAL PASSAGE FROM THE SOIL TO THE PLANTS.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Καπετάνιος, Ευάγγελος","Kapetanios, Evagelos"],"institution":"Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο (ΕΜΠ)","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":1990,"date_issued":"1990","date_published":"1990","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:24:59Z","subjects":["Clinoptilolite","COMPOST","Heavy metals","HUMUS","Ion exchange","REFUSE","Soil conditioners","Toxicity","Zeolites","ΑΠΟΡΡΙΜΜΑΤΑ","Βαρέα μέταλλα","Εδαφοβελτιωτικά","Ζεόλιθος","Ιοντοεναλλαγή","Κλινοπτιλόλιθος","ΚΟΜΠΟΣΤ","Τοξικότητα","ΧΟΥΜΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ","Engineering and Technology","Chemical Engineering","Επιστήμες Μηχανικού και Τεχνολογία","Επιστήμη Χημικού Μηχανικού"],"languages":["gre"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["10.12681/eadd/1514"],"render_values":[{"text":"10.12681/eadd/1514","href":"https://doi.org/10.12681/eadd/1514","code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10442/hedi/1514","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Καπετάνιος, Ευάγγελος","Kapetanios, Evagelos"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["1990"]},{"key":"dc:publisher","label":"Institution","values":["Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο (ΕΜΠ)","National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["PhD Thesis"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Clinoptilolite","COMPOST","Heavy metals","HUMUS","Ion exchange","REFUSE","Soil conditioners","Toxicity","Zeolites","ΑΠΟΡΡΙΜΜΑΤΑ","Βαρέα μέταλλα","Εδαφοβελτιωτικά","Ζεόλιθος","Ιοντοεναλλαγή","Κλινοπτιλόλιθος","ΚΟΜΠΟΣΤ","Τοξικότητα","ΧΟΥΜΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ","Engineering and Technology","Chemical Engineering","Επιστήμες Μηχανικού και Τεχνολογία","Επιστήμη Χημικού Μηχανικού"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["gre"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["10.12681/eadd/1514","http://hdl.handle.net/10442/hedi/1514"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOST FROM HOUSEHOLD REFUSE, ITS EVALUATION AND THE USE OF GREEK CLINOPTILOLITE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF THE HEAVY METALS PRESENT . THE COMPOSTING OF THE BIODEGRADABLE MATTER WAS PERFORMED IN AN OPEN SYSTEM AND THE AERATION OF THE SUBSTRATE WAS ACHIEVED BY PERIODICAL MIXING. THE COMPOSTING PROCESSES WERE STUDIED BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS AND VERY USEFULL CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN. ALSO ONE TYPE OF THE COMPOST PRODUCED WAS EVALUATED AFTER ITS USE IN TOMATO CULTIVATION. FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES SOILS FROM THE ATTICA REGION AND STABILIZED MANURE WERE USED IN COMBINATION WITHZEOLITE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE COMPOST YIELDS THE SAME PRODUCTION AS THEMANURE AND THE ADDITION OF CLINOPHILOLITE DOES NOT BRING ANY CHANGES. ON THE CONTRARY WHEN STUDIES WERE PERFORMED ON THE ROOTS, BODIES, LEAVES AND CORPS TO DETERMINE THEIR CONTENT IN CD, CR, NI, CU, PB, ZN, MN IT WAS FOUND THAT THE ADDITION OF CLINOPHILOLITE IN ANY QUANTITIES INHIBITS THE METAL PASSAGE FROM THE SOIL TO THE PLANTS.","Ο ΣΚΟΠΟΣ ΑΥΤΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΗΤΑΝ Η ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΕΔΑΦΟΒΕΛΤΙΩΤΙΚΩΝ ΥΛΙΚΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΑΠΟΡΡΙΜΜΑΤΑ, Η ΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΣΗ ΤΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ Η ΧΡΗΣΗ ΦΥΣΙΚΟΥ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΔΕΣΜΕΥΣΗ ΒΑΡΕΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΕ ΑΥΤΑ. ΤΑ COMPOSTING ΤΟΥ ΒΙΟΑΠΟΔΟΜΗΣΙΜΟΥ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΕΓΙΝΕ ΣΕ ΑΝΟΙΧΤΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ΣΤΟ ΟΠΟΙΟ Ο ΑΕΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΥΠΟΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΓΙΝΟΝΤΑΝ ΜΕ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΜΟΧΛΕΥΣΗ. ΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΟΙ ΔΙΕΡΓΑΣΙΕΣ ΤΟΥ COMPOSTING ΜΕ ΧΗΜΙΚΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΥΣΙΚΕΣ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΕΚΥΨΑΝ ΠΟΛΥ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΑ ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ. ΤΑ COMPOSTINGΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΜΕ ΧΗΜΙΚΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΥΣΙΚΕΣ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΝΑ ΑΠΟ ΑΥΤΑ ΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΘΗΚΕ ΜΕΤΗ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΣΕ ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΑ ΤΟΜΑΤΑΣ. ΣΑΝ ΥΛΙΚΑ ΣΥΓΚΡΙΣΗΣ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΕΔΑΦΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΤΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΑΘΕΡΟΠΟΙΗΜΕΝΗ ΚΟΠΡΙΑ ΑΙΓΟΠΡΟΒΑΤΩΝ. ΣΕ ΟΡΙΣΜΕΝΕΣ ΕΠΕΜΒΑΣΕΙΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΕΘΗΚΕ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΣ. ΠΡΟΕΚΥΨΕ ΟΤΙ ΤΟ COMPOST ΑΠΟΔΙΔΕΙ ΟΣΟΚΑΙ Η ΚΟΠΡΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΟΤΙ Η ΠΡΟΣΘΗΚΗ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΥ ΔΕΝ ΑΥΞΑΝΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ. ΤΟΝΙΖΕΤΑΙ ΟΤΙ Ο ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΕΘΗΚΕ ΜΕ ΜΙΚΡΕΣ ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΕΣ. ΣΤΙΣ ΡΙΖΕΣ, ΣΤΑ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΗ, ΣΤΑ ΦΥΛΛΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΟΥΣ ΚΑΡΠΟΥΣ ΚΑΘΕ ΕΠΕΜΒΑΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΤΗΚΑΝ ΟΙ ΠΕΡΙΕΚΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΣΕ CD, CR, NI, CU, PB, ZN ΚΑΙ MN. Η ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΚΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΣΘΗΚΗ ΤΟΣΟ ΑΠΛΗΣ ΟΣΟ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΠΛΗΣ ΔΟΣΗΣ ΖΕΟΛΙΘΟΥ ΔΕΙΧΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ Ο ΖΕΟΛΙΘΟΣ ΔΕΣΜΕΥΕΙ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΔΙΑΘΕΣΙΜΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΣΤΑ ΦΩΤΑ."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΕΔΑΦΟΒΕΛΤΙΩΤΙΚΩΝ ΥΛΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΣΜΕΥΣΗ ΒΑΡΕΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΥ","COMPOST PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION FROM REFUSE AND HEAVY METAL REMOVAL, WITH CLINOPLILOLITE, FROM THEM"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Καπετάνιος, Ευάγγελος","Kapetanios, Evagelos"],"dc:date":["1990"],"dc:description":["THE PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY WAS THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOST FROM HOUSEHOLD REFUSE, ITS EVALUATION AND THE USE OF GREEK CLINOPTILOLITE FOR THE IMMOBILIZATION OF THE HEAVY METALS PRESENT . THE COMPOSTING OF THE BIODEGRADABLE MATTER WAS PERFORMED IN AN OPEN SYSTEM AND THE AERATION OF THE SUBSTRATE WAS ACHIEVED BY PERIODICAL MIXING. THE COMPOSTING PROCESSES WERE STUDIED BY CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL METHODS AND VERY USEFULL CONCLUSIONS WERE DRAWN. ALSO ONE TYPE OF THE COMPOST PRODUCED WAS EVALUATED AFTER ITS USE IN TOMATO CULTIVATION. FOR COMPARISON PURPOSES SOILS FROM THE ATTICA REGION AND STABILIZED MANURE WERE USED IN COMBINATION WITHZEOLITE. THE RESULTS SHOWED THAT THE COMPOST YIELDS THE SAME PRODUCTION AS THEMANURE AND THE ADDITION OF CLINOPHILOLITE DOES NOT BRING ANY CHANGES. ON THE CONTRARY WHEN STUDIES WERE PERFORMED ON THE ROOTS, BODIES, LEAVES AND CORPS TO DETERMINE THEIR CONTENT IN CD, CR, NI, CU, PB, ZN, MN IT WAS FOUND THAT THE ADDITION OF CLINOPHILOLITE IN ANY QUANTITIES INHIBITS THE METAL PASSAGE FROM THE SOIL TO THE PLANTS.","Ο ΣΚΟΠΟΣ ΑΥΤΗΣ ΤΗΣ ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΣ ΗΤΑΝ Η ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΕΔΑΦΟΒΕΛΤΙΩΤΙΚΩΝ ΥΛΙΚΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΑΠΟΡΡΙΜΜΑΤΑ, Η ΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΣΗ ΤΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ Η ΧΡΗΣΗ ΦΥΣΙΚΟΥ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΚΟΥ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΥ ΓΙΑ ΤΗ ΔΕΣΜΕΥΣΗ ΒΑΡΕΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΠΟΥ ΠΕΡΙΕΧΟΝΤΑΙ ΣΕ ΑΥΤΑ. ΤΑ COMPOSTING ΤΟΥ ΒΙΟΑΠΟΔΟΜΗΣΙΜΟΥ ΥΛΙΚΟΥ ΕΓΙΝΕ ΣΕ ΑΝΟΙΧΤΟ ΣΥΣΤΗΜΑ ΣΤΟ ΟΠΟΙΟ Ο ΑΕΡΙΣΜΟΣ ΤΟΥ ΥΠΟΣΤΡΩΜΑΤΟΣ ΓΙΝΟΝΤΑΝ ΜΕ ΠΕΡΙΟΔΙΚΗ ΑΝΑΜΟΧΛΕΥΣΗ. ΜΕΛΕΤΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΟΙ ΔΙΕΡΓΑΣΙΕΣ ΤΟΥ COMPOSTING ΜΕ ΧΗΜΙΚΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΥΣΙΚΕΣ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΡΟΕΚΥΨΑΝ ΠΟΛΥ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΑ ΣΥΜΠΕΡΑΣΜΑΤΑ. ΤΑ COMPOSTINGΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΜΕ ΧΗΜΙΚΕΣ ΚΑΙ ΦΥΣΙΚΕΣ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΥΣ ΚΑΙ ΕΝΑ ΑΠΟ ΑΥΤΑ ΑΞΙΟΛΟΓΗΘΗΚΕ ΜΕΤΗ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΤΟΥ ΣΕ ΠΕΙΡΑΜΑΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΛΛΙΕΡΓΕΙΑ ΤΟΜΑΤΑΣ. ΣΑΝ ΥΛΙΚΑ ΣΥΓΚΡΙΣΗΣ ΧΡΗΣΙΜΟΠΟΙΗΘΗΚΑΝ ΕΔΑΦΗ ΑΠΟ ΤΗΝ ΑΤΤΙΚΗ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΑΘΕΡΟΠΟΙΗΜΕΝΗ ΚΟΠΡΙΑ ΑΙΓΟΠΡΟΒΑΤΩΝ. ΣΕ ΟΡΙΣΜΕΝΕΣ ΕΠΕΜΒΑΣΕΙΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΕΘΗΚΕ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΣ. ΠΡΟΕΚΥΨΕ ΟΤΙ ΤΟ COMPOST ΑΠΟΔΙΔΕΙ ΟΣΟΚΑΙ Η ΚΟΠΡΙΑ ΚΑΙ ΟΤΙ Η ΠΡΟΣΘΗΚΗ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΥ ΔΕΝ ΑΥΞΑΝΕΙ ΤΗΝ ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ. ΤΟΝΙΖΕΤΑΙ ΟΤΙ Ο ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΣ ΠΡΟΣΤΕΘΗΚΕ ΜΕ ΜΙΚΡΕΣ ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΕΣ. ΣΤΙΣ ΡΙΖΕΣ, ΣΤΑ ΣΤΕΛΕΧΗ, ΣΤΑ ΦΥΛΛΑ ΚΑΙ ΣΤΟΥΣ ΚΑΡΠΟΥΣ ΚΑΘΕ ΕΠΕΜΒΑΣΗΣ ΠΡΟΣΔΙΟΡΙΣΤΗΚΑΝ ΟΙ ΠΕΡΙΕΚΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΣΕ CD, CR, NI, CU, PB, ZN ΚΑΙ MN. Η ΜΕΙΩΣΗ ΤΗΣ ΠΕΡΙΕΚΤΙΚΟΤΗΤΑΣ ΤΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΜΕ ΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΣΘΗΚΗ ΤΟΣΟ ΑΠΛΗΣ ΟΣΟ ΚΑΙ ΔΙΠΛΗΣ ΔΟΣΗΣ ΖΕΟΛΙΘΟΥ ΔΕΙΧΝΕΙ ΟΤΙ Ο ΖΕΟΛΙΘΟΣ ΔΕΣΜΕΥΕΙ ΣΗΜΑΝΤΙΚΕΣ ΠΟΣΟΤΗΤΕΣ ΤΩΝ ΔΙΑΘΕΣΙΜΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΣΤΑ ΦΩΤΑ."],"dc:identifier":["10.12681/eadd/1514","http://hdl.handle.net/10442/hedi/1514"],"dc:language":["gre"],"dc:publisher":["Εθνικό Μετσόβιο Πολυτεχνείο (ΕΜΠ)","National Technical University of Athens (NTUA)"],"dc:subject":["Clinoptilolite","COMPOST","Heavy metals","HUMUS","Ion exchange","REFUSE","Soil conditioners","Toxicity","Zeolites","ΑΠΟΡΡΙΜΜΑΤΑ","Βαρέα μέταλλα","Εδαφοβελτιωτικά","Ζεόλιθος","Ιοντοεναλλαγή","Κλινοπτιλόλιθος","ΚΟΜΠΟΣΤ","Τοξικότητα","ΧΟΥΜΟΠΟΙΗΣΗ","Engineering and Technology","Chemical Engineering","Επιστήμες Μηχανικού και Τεχνολογία","Επιστήμη Χημικού Μηχανικού"],"dc:title":["ΠΑΡΑΓΩΓΗ ΕΔΑΦΟΒΕΛΤΙΩΤΙΚΩΝ ΥΛΙΚΩΝ ΚΑΙ ΔΕΣΜΕΥΣΗ ΒΑΡΕΩΝ ΜΕΤΑΛΛΩΝ ΤΟΥ ΜΕ ΤΗ ΧΡΗΣΗ ΚΛΙΝΟΠΤΙΛΟΛΙΘΟΥ","COMPOST PRODUCTION AND EVALUATION FROM REFUSE AND HEAVY METAL REMOVAL, WITH CLINOPLILOLITE, FROM THEM"],"dc:type":["PhD Thesis"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:24:59Z"}