{"id":{"repo_id":"goteborg","oai_identifier":"oai:gupea.ub.gu.se:2077/69329"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/goteborg/oai:gupea.ub.gu.se:2077/69329","repository":{"repo_id":"goteborg","name":"Gothenburg University","base_url":"https://gupea.ub.gu.se/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Vaccine-induced aluminium allergy and long-lasting subcutaneous itching nodules","abstract":"Background: Aluminium contact dermatitis is rare even though aluminium is frequently used in antiperspirants and sunscreens. Sensitisation to aluminium is mostly a side effect of aluminium-adsorbed vaccines. These can also induce long-lasting intensely itching subcutaneous nodules (granulomas) at the injection site. During clinical trials on an acellular aluminium-adsorbed pertussis vaccine in the 1990s in Gothenburg, Sweden, persistent itching nodules were -unexpectedly- reported in 745 of ~ 76 000 vaccinated. Contact dermatitis to aluminium was verified by patch test in 377 children with itching nodules. Aim: This thesis aims to study the long-term clinical prognosis of itching subcutaneous nodules and aluminium allergy in children who received an aluminium-adsorbed pertussis vaccine in a clinical trial. Patients and Methods: All 745 vaccinated children with itching nodules in the pertussis vaccine trial were enrolled in a long-term follow-up study (>20 years). Results: The median duration of itching was 6.6 years. During the follow-up time 637/745 (86%) of the participants experienced full symptom recovery. The remaining were markedly improved. In 186 of 241 (77%) children who were tested twice, aluminium hypersensitisation was no longer detectable. A negative patch test was significantly correlated with loss of itching. 3-7% of the participants who received other aluminium-adsorbed vaccines later in life reported mild and transient itching at the new injection site. The optimal compound to establish aluminium hypersensitivity could not be determined. Conclusion and recommendations: Vaccine-induced subcutaneous itching nodules associated with aluminium allergy in infants and children can cause great suffering and have a protracted course. However, long-term prospective studies5 show that both clinical symptoms and delayed hypersensitivity for aluminium disappear over time. Further vaccination with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines is safe in older children given that the original nodule has vanished and the itching will have resolved or nearly resolved.","abstract_html":"Background: Aluminium contact dermatitis is rare even though aluminium is frequently used in antiperspirants and sunscreens. Sensitisation to aluminium is mostly a side effect of aluminium-adsorbed vaccines. These can also induce long-lasting intensely itching subcutaneous nodules (granulomas) at the injection site. During clinical trials on an acellular aluminium-adsorbed pertussis vaccine in the 1990s in Gothenburg, Sweden, persistent itching nodules were -unexpectedly- reported in 745 of ~ 76 000 vaccinated. Contact dermatitis to aluminium was verified by patch test in 377 children with itching nodules. Aim: This thesis aims to study the long-term clinical prognosis of itching subcutaneous nodules and aluminium allergy in children who received an aluminium-adsorbed pertussis vaccine in a clinical trial. Patients and Methods: All 745 vaccinated children with itching nodules in the pertussis vaccine trial were enrolled in a long-term follow-up study (>20 years). Results: The median duration of itching was 6.6 years. During the follow-up time 637/745 (86%) of the participants experienced full symptom recovery. The remaining were markedly improved. In 186 of 241 (77%) children who were tested twice, aluminium hypersensitisation was no longer detectable. A negative patch test was significantly correlated with loss of itching. 3-7% of the participants who received other aluminium-adsorbed vaccines later in life reported mild and transient itching at the new injection site. The optimal compound to establish aluminium hypersensitivity could not be determined. Conclusion and recommendations: Vaccine-induced subcutaneous itching nodules associated with aluminium allergy in infants and children can cause great suffering and have a protracted course. However, long-term prospective studies5 show that both clinical symptoms and delayed hypersensitivity for aluminium disappear over time. Further vaccination with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines is safe in older children given that the original nodule has vanished and the itching will have resolved or nearly resolved.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Gente Lidholm, Anette"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2021,"date_issued":"2021-11-09","date_published":"2021-11-09","updated_at":"2026-08-21T22:21:56Z","subjects":["Childhood vaccine","Adverse event","Aluminium","Aluminium allergy","Itching nodules","Subcutaneous granulomas","Patch test","Tolerance"],"languages":["eng"],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/2077/69329","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"source_record":{"url":"https://gupea.ub.gu.se/oai/request?verb=GetRecord&metadataPrefix=dim&identifier=oai%3Agupea.ub.gu.se%3A2077%2F69329","prefix":"dim"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Gente Lidholm, Anette"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date.accessioned","label":"Dc Date Accessioned","values":["2021-11-09T14:55:19Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.available","label":"Dc Date Available","values":["2021-11-09T14:55:19Z"]},{"key":"dc:date.issued","label":"Date","values":["2021-11-09"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["text"]}]},{"id":"subjects_keywords","label":"Subjects and Keywords","entries":[{"key":"dc:subject","label":"Dc Subject","values":["Childhood vaccine","Adverse event","Aluminium","Aluminium allergy","Itching nodules","Subcutaneous granulomas","Patch test","Tolerance"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language.iso","label":"Language (ISO)","values":["eng"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier.uri","label":"Identifier URI","values":["http://hdl.handle.net/2077/69329"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description.abstract","label":"Abstract","values":["Background: Aluminium contact dermatitis is rare even though aluminium is frequently used in antiperspirants and sunscreens. Sensitisation to aluminium is mostly a side effect of aluminium-adsorbed vaccines. These can also induce long-lasting intensely itching subcutaneous nodules (granulomas) at the injection site. During clinical trials on an acellular aluminium-adsorbed pertussis vaccine in the 1990s in Gothenburg, Sweden, persistent itching nodules were -unexpectedly- reported in 745 of ~ 76 000 vaccinated. Contact dermatitis to aluminium was verified by patch test in 377 children with itching nodules. Aim: This thesis aims to study the long-term clinical prognosis of itching subcutaneous nodules and aluminium allergy in children who received an aluminium-adsorbed pertussis vaccine in a clinical trial. Patients and Methods: All 745 vaccinated children with itching nodules in the pertussis vaccine trial were enrolled in a long-term follow-up study (>20 years). Results: The median duration of itching was 6.6 years. During the follow-up time 637/745 (86%) of the participants experienced full symptom recovery. The remaining were markedly improved. In 186 of 241 (77%) children who were tested twice, aluminium hypersensitisation was no longer detectable. A negative patch test was significantly correlated with loss of itching. 3-7% of the participants who received other aluminium-adsorbed vaccines later in life reported mild and transient itching at the new injection site. The optimal compound to establish aluminium hypersensitivity could not be determined. Conclusion and recommendations: Vaccine-induced subcutaneous itching nodules associated with aluminium allergy in infants and children can cause great suffering and have a protracted course. However, long-term prospective studies5 show that both clinical symptoms and delayed hypersensitivity for aluminium disappear over time. Further vaccination with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines is safe in older children given that the original nodule has vanished and the itching will have resolved or nearly resolved."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Vaccine-induced aluminium allergy and long-lasting subcutaneous itching nodules"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:creator":["Gente Lidholm, Anette"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2021-11-09T14:55:19Z"],"dc:date.available":["2021-11-09T14:55:19Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2021-11-09"],"dc:description.abstract":["Background: Aluminium contact dermatitis is rare even though aluminium is frequently used in antiperspirants and sunscreens. Sensitisation to aluminium is mostly a side effect of aluminium-adsorbed vaccines. These can also induce long-lasting intensely itching subcutaneous nodules (granulomas) at the injection site. During clinical trials on an acellular aluminium-adsorbed pertussis vaccine in the 1990s in Gothenburg, Sweden, persistent itching nodules were -unexpectedly- reported in 745 of ~ 76 000 vaccinated. Contact dermatitis to aluminium was verified by patch test in 377 children with itching nodules. Aim: This thesis aims to study the long-term clinical prognosis of itching subcutaneous nodules and aluminium allergy in children who received an aluminium-adsorbed pertussis vaccine in a clinical trial. Patients and Methods: All 745 vaccinated children with itching nodules in the pertussis vaccine trial were enrolled in a long-term follow-up study (>20 years). Results: The median duration of itching was 6.6 years. During the follow-up time 637/745 (86%) of the participants experienced full symptom recovery. The remaining were markedly improved. In 186 of 241 (77%) children who were tested twice, aluminium hypersensitisation was no longer detectable. A negative patch test was significantly correlated with loss of itching. 3-7% of the participants who received other aluminium-adsorbed vaccines later in life reported mild and transient itching at the new injection site. The optimal compound to establish aluminium hypersensitivity could not be determined. Conclusion and recommendations: Vaccine-induced subcutaneous itching nodules associated with aluminium allergy in infants and children can cause great suffering and have a protracted course. However, long-term prospective studies5 show that both clinical symptoms and delayed hypersensitivity for aluminium disappear over time. Further vaccination with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines is safe in older children given that the original nodule has vanished and the itching will have resolved or nearly resolved."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/2077/69329"],"dc:language.iso":["eng"],"dc:subject":["Childhood vaccine","Adverse event","Aluminium","Aluminium allergy","Itching nodules","Subcutaneous granulomas","Patch test","Tolerance"],"dc:title":["Vaccine-induced aluminium allergy and long-lasting subcutaneous itching nodules"],"dc:type":["text"]},"updated_at":"2026-08-21T22:21:56Z"}