{"id":{"repo_id":"ghent","oai_identifier":"oai:archive.ugent.be:607146"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/ghent/oai:archive.ugent.be:607146","repository":{"repo_id":"ghent","name":"Ghent University","base_url":"https://biblio.ugent.be/oai"},"display":{"title":"Aspects of infraspecific phylogeography of Calopteryx splendens","abstract":"Calopteryx splendens Harris (1782) (Odonata: Calopterygidae) is a widespread damselfly, found in most of Europe, large parts of Siberia and much of west and central Asia. There is great variation among males in wing coloration. Traditionally subspecific taxa have been distinguished by the size and position of the pigmented wing spot, and by (mating) behavior. About a dozen of subspecies have been recognized. Calopteryx splendens splendens; C. s. xanthostoma; C. s. caprai; C. s. balcanica in Europe and various other names, such as C. s. intermedia, C. s. orientalis, C. s. taurica, C. s. tschaldirica, C. s. waterstoni, C. s. amasina, and so on, refer to putative subspecies, all of which are more or less geographically confined, but often with overlapping ranges and strong variation in wing spot size. For more than a century wing and wing spot characters have been used as criteria for Calopteryx species and subspecies identification. Most results suggest that wing pigmentation is a reliable signal of male quality and plays a role in mate recognition by females. Size and density of wing pigmentation is also correlated with immunological condition and animal resistance against disease. In spite of these indications, the question arises whether variation in wing spot is really a taxonomically valid discriminator. We used two morphological (traditional and geometric morphometrics) and one molecular (AFLP) method to quantify and analyze morphological and molecular data. Comparing the results of these methods helped us to show some unclear and ambiguous relations between these populations and lighted some aspects of phylogeography of the (sub)species. In morphological study, the question was how well populations (subspecies) are recognizable based on wing and wing spot sizes and wing shape (irrespective of wing spot). In both morphological methods, left fore wing of the male specimens were evaluated because generally only males bear wing spot. For traditional morphometry, 10 different wing characters were measured using a semi-automatic image analysis program. Geometric morphometric study was implemented based on collected superimposed data from 19 digitized landmarks following the procrustes method. We used AFLP as molecular method because of its low start-up time and cost effective generation of data from a large number of distributed loci in the whole genome. In this part, the first aim was to investigate patterns of C. splendens population structure and the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, and the second aim was to determine whether there is a consistent spatial distribution pattern of C. splendens based on genetic and morphological diversity of wings, in other words whether the genetic differences are compatible with morphological differences of wings. Our results in traditional and geometric morphometrics (regardless of wing spot) confirmed differentiation of C. s. waterstoni from other populations. Likewise, a relationship between two populations from north- east border of Turkey (C. s. tschaldirica) and Ireland, both with a small wing spot, was supported. Populations of C. s. orientalis from north of Iran and south of Turkmenistan (I6 and Tm254 respectively) also showed close relations, which differentiate them from other groups in both morphometric techniques. The relationship between C. s. xanthostoma and C. s. amasina (from Turkey) was more remarkable than European populations in both morphometric methods. However, the results of these two morphometric methods were not consistent in many cases, while geometric morphometric analysis showed wing shape differences between entire populations; traditional morphometry did not revealed such differences based on linear measurements of wing characters between most of populations. In general, geometric morphometric of Eurasian populations showed that two almost separate European and Asian groups of C. splendens are recognizable except some relations of C. s. waterstoni (from Turkey) to Eastern European populations, and C. s. xanthostoma (from Spain) to Asian populations. These conclusions were partly confirmed by AFLP results, but were not consistent with results of traditional morphometry which is mainly affected by linear size and area of wing and wing spot. Hence, use of wing spot patterns must be studied critically before those are used up as systematic characters at any taxonomic level. The AFLP results of our samples showed low levels of gene flow between populations except one case in the central Asia between Russian and Kazakhstani populations which is partly due to lack of effective obstacles and presence of Irtysh river. Many populations showed double or more geographical origin, a circumstance that can reflect rapid diversification and introgression. The reasons of this situation and likely relations between three main subspecies, C. s. waterstoni, C. s. intermedia and C. s. xanthostoma have been discussed. The deepest split in the phylogeography of C. splendens populations was found within the unglaciated areas in the east border of Turkey and Azerbaijan. We discuss the isolation of C. s. waterstoni. We interprete the unexpected relation between Azerbaijani and French populations as an intrusion of intermedia-genes in both. The conclusion drawn from comparison of the data in all three analyses is that the results of shape analysis between populations was more akin to molecular data and more reliable than linear measurements of wing characteristics, although some populations showed the same result in both methods. These observations suggest that wing spot similarity necessarily cannot capture the full genetic grouping of populations and therefore, is not an infallible character in Calopteryx splendens subspecies.","abstract_html":"Calopteryx splendens Harris (1782) (Odonata: Calopterygidae) is a widespread damselfly, found in most of Europe, large parts of Siberia and much of west and central Asia. There is great variation among males in wing coloration. Traditionally subspecific taxa have been distinguished by the size and position of the pigmented wing spot, and by (mating) behavior. About a dozen of subspecies have been recognized. Calopteryx splendens splendens; C. s. xanthostoma; C. s. caprai; C. s. balcanica in Europe and various other names, such as C. s. intermedia, C. s. orientalis, C. s. taurica, C. s. tschaldirica, C. s. waterstoni, C. s. amasina, and so on, refer to putative subspecies, all of which are more or less geographically confined, but often with overlapping ranges and strong variation in wing spot size. For more than a century wing and wing spot characters have been used as criteria for Calopteryx species and subspecies identification. Most results suggest that wing pigmentation is a reliable signal of male quality and plays a role in mate recognition by females. Size and density of wing pigmentation is also correlated with immunological condition and animal resistance against disease. In spite of these indications, the question arises whether variation in wing spot is really a taxonomically valid discriminator. We used two morphological (traditional and geometric morphometrics) and one molecular (AFLP) method to quantify and analyze morphological and molecular data. Comparing the results of these methods helped us to show some unclear and ambiguous relations between these populations and lighted some aspects of phylogeography of the (sub)species. In morphological study, the question was how well populations (subspecies) are recognizable based on wing and wing spot sizes and wing shape (irrespective of wing spot). In both morphological methods, left fore wing of the male specimens were evaluated because generally only males bear wing spot. For traditional morphometry, 10 different wing characters were measured using a semi-automatic image analysis program. Geometric morphometric study was implemented based on collected superimposed data from 19 digitized landmarks following the procrustes method. We used AFLP as molecular method because of its low start-up time and cost effective generation of data from a large number of distributed loci in the whole genome. In this part, the first aim was to investigate patterns of C. splendens population structure and the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, and the second aim was to determine whether there is a consistent spatial distribution pattern of C. splendens based on genetic and morphological diversity of wings, in other words whether the genetic differences are compatible with morphological differences of wings. Our results in traditional and geometric morphometrics (regardless of wing spot) confirmed differentiation of C. s. waterstoni from other populations. Likewise, a relationship between two populations from north- east border of Turkey (C. s. tschaldirica) and Ireland, both with a small wing spot, was supported. Populations of C. s. orientalis from north of Iran and south of Turkmenistan (I6 and Tm254 respectively) also showed close relations, which differentiate them from other groups in both morphometric techniques. The relationship between C. s. xanthostoma and C. s. amasina (from Turkey) was more remarkable than European populations in both morphometric methods. However, the results of these two morphometric methods were not consistent in many cases, while geometric morphometric analysis showed wing shape differences between entire populations; traditional morphometry did not revealed such differences based on linear measurements of wing characters between most of populations. In general, geometric morphometric of Eurasian populations showed that two almost separate European and Asian groups of C. splendens are recognizable except some relations of C. s. waterstoni (from Turkey) to Eastern European populations, and C. s. xanthostoma (from Spain) to Asian populations. These conclusions were partly confirmed by AFLP results, but were not consistent with results of traditional morphometry which is mainly affected by linear size and area of wing and wing spot. Hence, use of wing spot patterns must be studied critically before those are used up as systematic characters at any taxonomic level. The AFLP results of our samples showed low levels of gene flow between populations except one case in the central Asia between Russian and Kazakhstani populations which is partly due to lack of effective obstacles and presence of Irtysh river. Many populations showed double or more geographical origin, a circumstance that can reflect rapid diversification and introgression. The reasons of this situation and likely relations between three main subspecies, C. s. waterstoni, C. s. intermedia and C. s. xanthostoma have been discussed. The deepest split in the phylogeography of C. splendens populations was found within the unglaciated areas in the east border of Turkey and Azerbaijan. We discuss the isolation of C. s. waterstoni. We interprete the unexpected relation between Azerbaijani and French populations as an intrusion of intermedia-genes in both. The conclusion drawn from comparison of the data in all three analyses is that the results of shape analysis between populations was more akin to molecular data and more reliable than linear measurements of wing characteristics, although some populations showed the same result in both methods. These observations suggest that wing spot similarity necessarily cannot capture the full genetic grouping of populations and therefore, is not an infallible character in Calopteryx splendens subspecies.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["Sadeghi, Saber"],"institution":null,"degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":null,"school":null,"contributors":["Dumont, Henri"],"advisors":[],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":[],"year":2008,"date_issued":"2008","date_published":"2008","updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:22:55Z","subjects":[],"languages":["eng"],"rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146","https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146/file/1883144"],"render_values":[{"text":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146","href":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146","code":true},{"text":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146/file/1883144","href":"https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146/file/1883144","code":true}]}]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-607146","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor","label":"Contributor","values":["Dumont, Henri"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["Sadeghi, Saber"]}]},{"id":"academic_context","label":"Academic Context","entries":[{"key":"dc:date","label":"Dc Date","values":["2008"]},{"key":"dc:type","label":"Dc Type","values":["dissertation","info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis","info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"]}]},{"id":"language_rights","label":"Language and Rights","entries":[{"key":"dc:language","label":"Dc Language","values":["eng"]},{"key":"dc:rights","label":"Dc Rights","values":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"]}]},{"id":"identifiers","label":"Identifiers","entries":[{"key":"dc:identifier","label":"Identifier","values":["https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146","http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-607146","https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146/file/1883144"]}]},{"id":"additional","label":"Additional Metadata","entries":[{"key":"dc:description","label":"Description","values":["Calopteryx splendens Harris (1782) (Odonata: Calopterygidae) is a widespread damselfly, found in most of Europe, large parts of Siberia and much of west and central Asia. There is great variation among males in wing coloration. Traditionally subspecific taxa have been distinguished by the size and position of the pigmented wing spot, and by (mating) behavior. About a dozen of subspecies have been recognized. Calopteryx splendens splendens; C. s. xanthostoma; C. s. caprai; C. s. balcanica in Europe and various other names, such as C. s. intermedia, C. s. orientalis, C. s. taurica, C. s. tschaldirica, C. s. waterstoni, C. s. amasina, and so on, refer to putative subspecies, all of which are more or less geographically confined, but often with overlapping ranges and strong variation in wing spot size. For more than a century wing and wing spot characters have been used as criteria for Calopteryx species and subspecies identification. Most results suggest that wing pigmentation is a reliable signal of male quality and plays a role in mate recognition by females. Size and density of wing pigmentation is also correlated with immunological condition and animal resistance against disease. In spite of these indications, the question arises whether variation in wing spot is really a taxonomically valid discriminator. We used two morphological (traditional and geometric morphometrics) and one molecular (AFLP) method to quantify and analyze morphological and molecular data. Comparing the results of these methods helped us to show some unclear and ambiguous relations between these populations and lighted some aspects of phylogeography of the (sub)species. In morphological study, the question was how well populations (subspecies) are recognizable based on wing and wing spot sizes and wing shape (irrespective of wing spot). In both morphological methods, left fore wing of the male specimens were evaluated because generally only males bear wing spot. For traditional morphometry, 10 different wing characters were measured using a semi-automatic image analysis program. Geometric morphometric study was implemented based on collected superimposed data from 19 digitized landmarks following the procrustes method. We used AFLP as molecular method because of its low start-up time and cost effective generation of data from a large number of distributed loci in the whole genome. In this part, the first aim was to investigate patterns of C. splendens population structure and the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, and the second aim was to determine whether there is a consistent spatial distribution pattern of C. splendens based on genetic and morphological diversity of wings, in other words whether the genetic differences are compatible with morphological differences of wings. Our results in traditional and geometric morphometrics (regardless of wing spot) confirmed differentiation of C. s. waterstoni from other populations. Likewise, a relationship between two populations from north- east border of Turkey (C. s. tschaldirica) and Ireland, both with a small wing spot, was supported. Populations of C. s. orientalis from north of Iran and south of Turkmenistan (I6 and Tm254 respectively) also showed close relations, which differentiate them from other groups in both morphometric techniques. The relationship between C. s. xanthostoma and C. s. amasina (from Turkey) was more remarkable than European populations in both morphometric methods. However, the results of these two morphometric methods were not consistent in many cases, while geometric morphometric analysis showed wing shape differences between entire populations; traditional morphometry did not revealed such differences based on linear measurements of wing characters between most of populations. In general, geometric morphometric of Eurasian populations showed that two almost separate European and Asian groups of C. splendens are recognizable except some relations of C. s. waterstoni (from Turkey) to Eastern European populations, and C. s. xanthostoma (from Spain) to Asian populations. These conclusions were partly confirmed by AFLP results, but were not consistent with results of traditional morphometry which is mainly affected by linear size and area of wing and wing spot. Hence, use of wing spot patterns must be studied critically before those are used up as systematic characters at any taxonomic level. The AFLP results of our samples showed low levels of gene flow between populations except one case in the central Asia between Russian and Kazakhstani populations which is partly due to lack of effective obstacles and presence of Irtysh river. Many populations showed double or more geographical origin, a circumstance that can reflect rapid diversification and introgression. The reasons of this situation and likely relations between three main subspecies, C. s. waterstoni, C. s. intermedia and C. s. xanthostoma have been discussed. The deepest split in the phylogeography of C. splendens populations was found within the unglaciated areas in the east border of Turkey and Azerbaijan. We discuss the isolation of C. s. waterstoni. We interprete the unexpected relation between Azerbaijani and French populations as an intrusion of intermedia-genes in both. The conclusion drawn from comparison of the data in all three analyses is that the results of shape analysis between populations was more akin to molecular data and more reliable than linear measurements of wing characteristics, although some populations showed the same result in both methods. These observations suggest that wing spot similarity necessarily cannot capture the full genetic grouping of populations and therefore, is not an infallible character in Calopteryx splendens subspecies."]},{"key":"dc:format","label":"Dc Format","values":["application/pdf"]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Aspects of infraspecific phylogeography of Calopteryx splendens"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor":["Dumont, Henri"],"dc:creator":["Sadeghi, Saber"],"dc:date":["2008"],"dc:description":["Calopteryx splendens Harris (1782) (Odonata: Calopterygidae) is a widespread damselfly, found in most of Europe, large parts of Siberia and much of west and central Asia. There is great variation among males in wing coloration. Traditionally subspecific taxa have been distinguished by the size and position of the pigmented wing spot, and by (mating) behavior. About a dozen of subspecies have been recognized. Calopteryx splendens splendens; C. s. xanthostoma; C. s. caprai; C. s. balcanica in Europe and various other names, such as C. s. intermedia, C. s. orientalis, C. s. taurica, C. s. tschaldirica, C. s. waterstoni, C. s. amasina, and so on, refer to putative subspecies, all of which are more or less geographically confined, but often with overlapping ranges and strong variation in wing spot size. For more than a century wing and wing spot characters have been used as criteria for Calopteryx species and subspecies identification. Most results suggest that wing pigmentation is a reliable signal of male quality and plays a role in mate recognition by females. Size and density of wing pigmentation is also correlated with immunological condition and animal resistance against disease. In spite of these indications, the question arises whether variation in wing spot is really a taxonomically valid discriminator. We used two morphological (traditional and geometric morphometrics) and one molecular (AFLP) method to quantify and analyze morphological and molecular data. Comparing the results of these methods helped us to show some unclear and ambiguous relations between these populations and lighted some aspects of phylogeography of the (sub)species. In morphological study, the question was how well populations (subspecies) are recognizable based on wing and wing spot sizes and wing shape (irrespective of wing spot). In both morphological methods, left fore wing of the male specimens were evaluated because generally only males bear wing spot. For traditional morphometry, 10 different wing characters were measured using a semi-automatic image analysis program. Geometric morphometric study was implemented based on collected superimposed data from 19 digitized landmarks following the procrustes method. We used AFLP as molecular method because of its low start-up time and cost effective generation of data from a large number of distributed loci in the whole genome. In this part, the first aim was to investigate patterns of C. splendens population structure and the spatial distribution of genetic diversity, and the second aim was to determine whether there is a consistent spatial distribution pattern of C. splendens based on genetic and morphological diversity of wings, in other words whether the genetic differences are compatible with morphological differences of wings. Our results in traditional and geometric morphometrics (regardless of wing spot) confirmed differentiation of C. s. waterstoni from other populations. Likewise, a relationship between two populations from north- east border of Turkey (C. s. tschaldirica) and Ireland, both with a small wing spot, was supported. Populations of C. s. orientalis from north of Iran and south of Turkmenistan (I6 and Tm254 respectively) also showed close relations, which differentiate them from other groups in both morphometric techniques. The relationship between C. s. xanthostoma and C. s. amasina (from Turkey) was more remarkable than European populations in both morphometric methods. However, the results of these two morphometric methods were not consistent in many cases, while geometric morphometric analysis showed wing shape differences between entire populations; traditional morphometry did not revealed such differences based on linear measurements of wing characters between most of populations. In general, geometric morphometric of Eurasian populations showed that two almost separate European and Asian groups of C. splendens are recognizable except some relations of C. s. waterstoni (from Turkey) to Eastern European populations, and C. s. xanthostoma (from Spain) to Asian populations. These conclusions were partly confirmed by AFLP results, but were not consistent with results of traditional morphometry which is mainly affected by linear size and area of wing and wing spot. Hence, use of wing spot patterns must be studied critically before those are used up as systematic characters at any taxonomic level. The AFLP results of our samples showed low levels of gene flow between populations except one case in the central Asia between Russian and Kazakhstani populations which is partly due to lack of effective obstacles and presence of Irtysh river. Many populations showed double or more geographical origin, a circumstance that can reflect rapid diversification and introgression. The reasons of this situation and likely relations between three main subspecies, C. s. waterstoni, C. s. intermedia and C. s. xanthostoma have been discussed. The deepest split in the phylogeography of C. splendens populations was found within the unglaciated areas in the east border of Turkey and Azerbaijan. We discuss the isolation of C. s. waterstoni. We interprete the unexpected relation between Azerbaijani and French populations as an intrusion of intermedia-genes in both. The conclusion drawn from comparison of the data in all three analyses is that the results of shape analysis between populations was more akin to molecular data and more reliable than linear measurements of wing characteristics, although some populations showed the same result in both methods. These observations suggest that wing spot similarity necessarily cannot capture the full genetic grouping of populations and therefore, is not an infallible character in Calopteryx splendens subspecies."],"dc:format":["application/pdf"],"dc:identifier":["https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146","http://hdl.handle.net/1854/LU-607146","https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/607146/file/1883144"],"dc:language":["eng"],"dc:rights":["info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess"],"dc:title":["Aspects of infraspecific phylogeography of Calopteryx splendens"],"dc:type":["dissertation","info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis","info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-24T02:22:55Z"}