{"id":{"repo_id":"gatech","oai_identifier":"oai:repository.gatech.edu:1853/14561"},"canonical_url":"https://search.dev.ndltd.org/etd/gatech/oai:repository.gatech.edu:1853/14561","repository":{"repo_id":"gatech","name":"Georgia Tech","base_url":"https://repository.gatech.edu/server/oai/request"},"display":{"title":"Non-destructive Electrical Characterization of Controlled Waspaloy Microstructures","abstract":"In this research, controlled Waspaloy microstructures were produced with the objective of studying microstructural evolution in this alloy via electrically-based ac/dc non-destructive techniques. Correlations were developed between electrical measurements and alternate characterization techniques such as Ultra Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to gain a complete understanding of the microstructural transformations and the associated mechanisms. Three different sets of controlled microstructures were produced in this research. In Set I microstructures, matrix (gamma) grain sizes of 13, 52 and 89 micrometers were obtained after solution-treatments at 1045 and 176;C, 1090 and 176;C and 1145 and 176;C respectively. A vacancy stabilization treatment at 1045 and 176;C followed after which, the specimens were aged at 800 and 176;C for times ranging from 0.1 hrs to 100 hrs to vary the gamma prime precipitate size distribution. In Sets II and III, the solution-treatment was only conducted at 1145 and 176;C, with the stabilization treatment conducted only in Set II. Subsequently, aging experiments were conducted at 725 and 176;C (or 700 and 176;C in Set II), 800 and 176;C and 875 and 176;C for times up to 100 hrs. DC four-point probe resistivity of specimens increased to a maximum upon initial aging from the solution-treated condition and showed a decreasing trend thereafter with successive aging. This, in addition to complementary evidence from SEM and USAXS, led to the conclusion that gamma prime nucleation-growth was complete by the time the resistivity maximum was observed. Resistivity variations that ensued upon successive aging after the maximum were attributed to microstructural/compositional changes due to gamma prime coarsening. The height of the maximum decreased drastically with increase in aging temperature from 725 and 176;C to 800 and 176;C, while the resistivity did not increase from the solution-treated condition upon aging at 875 and 176; C. Coarsening studies based on USAXS analysis indicated an LSW type volume diffusion mechanism of coarsening in Waspaloy, with an average coarsening rate constant of 3.25x10-29 [m3/sec] for Set I specimens aged at 800 and 176;C. Analytical and Finite Element (FE) models of two-probe impedance and dc four-point probe resistivity methods were developed to gain insight into the measured response and the accurate determination of material properties. AFM-based localized electrical examination of sub-grain Waspaloy microstructures was successfully conducted using electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) and current-AFM (I-AFM) electrical modes. I-AFM experiments revealed that the conductivity of the gamma prime phase was lower than that of the gamma phase.","abstract_html":"In this research, controlled Waspaloy microstructures were produced with the objective of studying microstructural evolution in this alloy via electrically-based ac/dc non-destructive techniques. Correlations were developed between electrical measurements and alternate characterization techniques such as Ultra Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to gain a complete understanding of the microstructural transformations and the associated mechanisms. Three different sets of controlled microstructures were produced in this research. In Set I microstructures, matrix (gamma) grain sizes of 13, 52 and 89 micrometers were obtained after solution-treatments at 1045 and 176;C, 1090 and 176;C and 1145 and 176;C respectively. A vacancy stabilization treatment at 1045 and 176;C followed after which, the specimens were aged at 800 and 176;C for times ranging from 0.1 hrs to 100 hrs to vary the gamma prime precipitate size distribution. In Sets II and III, the solution-treatment was only conducted at 1145 and 176;C, with the stabilization treatment conducted only in Set II. Subsequently, aging experiments were conducted at 725 and 176;C (or 700 and 176;C in Set II), 800 and 176;C and 875 and 176;C for times up to 100 hrs. DC four-point probe resistivity of specimens increased to a maximum upon initial aging from the solution-treated condition and showed a decreasing trend thereafter with successive aging. This, in addition to complementary evidence from SEM and USAXS, led to the conclusion that gamma prime nucleation-growth was complete by the time the resistivity maximum was observed. Resistivity variations that ensued upon successive aging after the maximum were attributed to microstructural/compositional changes due to gamma prime coarsening. The height of the maximum decreased drastically with increase in aging temperature from 725 and 176;C to 800 and 176;C, while the resistivity did not increase from the solution-treated condition upon aging at 875 and 176; C. Coarsening studies based on USAXS analysis indicated an LSW type volume diffusion mechanism of coarsening in Waspaloy, with an average coarsening rate constant of 3.25x10-29 [m3/sec] for Set I specimens aged at 800 and 176;C. Analytical and Finite Element (FE) models of two-probe impedance and dc four-point probe resistivity methods were developed to gain insight into the measured response and the accurate determination of material properties. AFM-based localized electrical examination of sub-grain Waspaloy microstructures was successfully conducted using electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) and current-AFM (I-AFM) electrical modes. I-AFM experiments revealed that the conductivity of the gamma prime phase was lower than that of the gamma phase.","abstract_has_math":false,"creators":["G. Kelekanjeri, V. Siva Kumar"],"institution":"Georgia Institute of Technology","degree_name":null,"degree_level":null,"degree_discipline":null,"degree_department":"Materials Science and Engineering","school":null,"contributors":[],"advisors":["Gerhardt, Rosario A."],"committee_chairs":[],"committee_members":["Gokhale, Arun M.","Laurence Jacobs","Antolovich, Stephen D.","Thomas Sanders, Jr."],"year":2007,"date_issued":"2007-04-06","date_published":"2007-04-06","updated_at":"2026-07-27T19:49:09Z","subjects":["Nondestructive evaluation","Nickel-base superalloys","Coarsening","Heat-treatment","Microstructure","Electrical resistivity"],"languages":[],"rights":[],"rights_urls":[],"identifier_entries":[]},"links":{"outbound_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14561","outbound_label":"Handle","outbound_source":"dc:identifier.uri"},"metadata_groups":[{"id":"people","label":"People","entries":[{"key":"dc:contributor.advisor","label":"Advisor","values":["Gerhardt, Rosario A."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.committeemember","label":"Committee Member","values":["Gokhale, Arun M.","Laurence Jacobs","Antolovich, Stephen D.","Thomas Sanders, Jr."]},{"key":"dc:contributor.department","label":"Department","values":["Materials Science and Engineering"]},{"key":"dc:creator","label":"Author","values":["G. Kelekanjeri, V. 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Correlations were developed between electrical measurements and alternate characterization techniques such as Ultra Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to gain a complete understanding of the microstructural transformations and the associated mechanisms. Three different sets of controlled microstructures were produced in this research. In Set I microstructures, matrix (gamma) grain sizes of 13, 52 and 89 micrometers were obtained after solution-treatments at 1045 and 176;C, 1090 and 176;C and 1145 and 176;C respectively. A vacancy stabilization treatment at 1045 and 176;C followed after which, the specimens were aged at 800 and 176;C for times ranging from 0.1 hrs to 100 hrs to vary the gamma prime precipitate size distribution. In Sets II and III, the solution-treatment was only conducted at 1145 and 176;C, with the stabilization treatment conducted only in Set II. Subsequently, aging experiments were conducted at 725 and 176;C (or 700 and 176;C in Set II), 800 and 176;C and 875 and 176;C for times up to 100 hrs. DC four-point probe resistivity of specimens increased to a maximum upon initial aging from the solution-treated condition and showed a decreasing trend thereafter with successive aging. This, in addition to complementary evidence from SEM and USAXS, led to the conclusion that gamma prime nucleation-growth was complete by the time the resistivity maximum was observed. Resistivity variations that ensued upon successive aging after the maximum were attributed to microstructural/compositional changes due to gamma prime coarsening. The height of the maximum decreased drastically with increase in aging temperature from 725 and 176;C to 800 and 176;C, while the resistivity did not increase from the solution-treated condition upon aging at 875 and 176; C. Coarsening studies based on USAXS analysis indicated an LSW type volume diffusion mechanism of coarsening in Waspaloy, with an average coarsening rate constant of 3.25x10-29 [m3/sec] for Set I specimens aged at 800 and 176;C. Analytical and Finite Element (FE) models of two-probe impedance and dc four-point probe resistivity methods were developed to gain insight into the measured response and the accurate determination of material properties. AFM-based localized electrical examination of sub-grain Waspaloy microstructures was successfully conducted using electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) and current-AFM (I-AFM) electrical modes. I-AFM experiments revealed that the conductivity of the gamma prime phase was lower than that of the gamma phase."]},{"key":"dc:description.degree","label":"Dc Description Degree","values":["Ph.D."]},{"key":"dc:title","label":"Title","values":["Non-destructive Electrical Characterization of Controlled Waspaloy Microstructures"]}]}],"canonical_facts":{"dc:contributor.advisor":["Gerhardt, Rosario A."],"dc:contributor.committeemember":["Gokhale, Arun M.","Laurence Jacobs","Antolovich, Stephen D.","Thomas Sanders, Jr."],"dc:contributor.department":["Materials Science and Engineering"],"dc:creator":["G. Kelekanjeri, V. Siva Kumar"],"dc:date.accessioned":["2007-05-25T17:30:13Z"],"dc:date.available":["2007-05-25T17:30:13Z"],"dc:date.issued":["2007-04-06"],"dc:description.abstract":["In this research, controlled Waspaloy microstructures were produced with the objective of studying microstructural evolution in this alloy via electrically-based ac/dc non-destructive techniques. Correlations were developed between electrical measurements and alternate characterization techniques such as Ultra Small Angle X-ray Scattering (USAXS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray Diffraction (XRD) to gain a complete understanding of the microstructural transformations and the associated mechanisms. Three different sets of controlled microstructures were produced in this research. In Set I microstructures, matrix (gamma) grain sizes of 13, 52 and 89 micrometers were obtained after solution-treatments at 1045 and 176;C, 1090 and 176;C and 1145 and 176;C respectively. A vacancy stabilization treatment at 1045 and 176;C followed after which, the specimens were aged at 800 and 176;C for times ranging from 0.1 hrs to 100 hrs to vary the gamma prime precipitate size distribution. In Sets II and III, the solution-treatment was only conducted at 1145 and 176;C, with the stabilization treatment conducted only in Set II. Subsequently, aging experiments were conducted at 725 and 176;C (or 700 and 176;C in Set II), 800 and 176;C and 875 and 176;C for times up to 100 hrs. DC four-point probe resistivity of specimens increased to a maximum upon initial aging from the solution-treated condition and showed a decreasing trend thereafter with successive aging. This, in addition to complementary evidence from SEM and USAXS, led to the conclusion that gamma prime nucleation-growth was complete by the time the resistivity maximum was observed. Resistivity variations that ensued upon successive aging after the maximum were attributed to microstructural/compositional changes due to gamma prime coarsening. The height of the maximum decreased drastically with increase in aging temperature from 725 and 176;C to 800 and 176;C, while the resistivity did not increase from the solution-treated condition upon aging at 875 and 176; C. Coarsening studies based on USAXS analysis indicated an LSW type volume diffusion mechanism of coarsening in Waspaloy, with an average coarsening rate constant of 3.25x10-29 [m3/sec] for Set I specimens aged at 800 and 176;C. Analytical and Finite Element (FE) models of two-probe impedance and dc four-point probe resistivity methods were developed to gain insight into the measured response and the accurate determination of material properties. AFM-based localized electrical examination of sub-grain Waspaloy microstructures was successfully conducted using electrostatic force microscopy (EFM), scanning Kelvin probe microscopy (SKPM) and current-AFM (I-AFM) electrical modes. I-AFM experiments revealed that the conductivity of the gamma prime phase was lower than that of the gamma phase."],"dc:description.degree":["Ph.D."],"dc:identifier.uri":["http://hdl.handle.net/1853/14561"],"dc:publisher":["Georgia Institute of Technology"],"dc:subject":["Nondestructive evaluation","Nickel-base superalloys","Coarsening","Heat-treatment","Microstructure","Electrical resistivity"],"dc:title":["Non-destructive Electrical Characterization of Controlled Waspaloy Microstructures"],"dc:type":["Text"]},"updated_at":"2026-07-27T19:49:09Z"}